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  • Research progress on mechanism of diabetes peripheral neuropathy based on macrophage polarization and prevention and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine

    FAN Li-hui;WEI Xiang-long;Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;

    Diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN) is one of the most common chronic complications of diabetes, characterized by a complex pathogenesis and limited clinical treatment options. In recent years, increasing attention has been drawn to the role of macrophage polarization in DPN development and progress. This paper systematically reviewed the mechanisms of M1/M2 macrophage polarization in DPN, as well as research advances in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) for DPN prevention and treatment by macrophage polarization regulation. Under normal conditions, M1/M2 macrophages are in a dynamic balance, maintaining peripheral nerve homeostasis. In a diabetic environment, metabolic disorders, such as persistent hyperglycemia, can lead macrophages towards excessive M1 polarization, triggering pro-inflammatory factor release, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, ultimately causing nerve fiber damage and abnormal pain signaling. Meanwhile, a reduced quantity or impaired function of M2 macrophages weakens nerve repair and anti-inflammatory capacity. TCM can modulate macrophage polarization by multiple components at various targets. For example, active ingredients such as astragaloside Ⅳ and curcumin promote M2 polarization while inhibiting M1 polarization. Compound prescriptions like Taohong Siwu Decoction and Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction improve nerve conduction velocity by regulating signaling pathways, including nuclear transcription factor-κB(NF-κB) and Janus kinase-activator of signal transduction and transcription(JAK-STAT). This paper also analyzed current research limitations and proposed future directions, aiming to provide new insights and theoretical foundations for TCM-based DPN prevention and treatment.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1147K]

  • Structural modification of polysaccharides from TCM and their application in delivery systems

    ZENG Ying;DUAN Jin-ling;GUAN Zhi-yu;ZHANG Zi-xia;CHEN Xin-yao;LI Zhe;LIU Jing;WU Wen-ting;YUE Peng-fei;ZHU Wei-feng;School of Pharmacy,Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine;

    The biological activity of polysaccharides from TCM is closely related to their structure. Through structural modifications, such as grafting modification and crosslinking reactions, their physicochemical properties can be significantly improved. Modified polysaccharides from TCM can form nanocarriers through self-assembly, constructing intelligent drug delivery systems and self-healing hydrogels. By esterification, etherification to graft hydrophobic small molecules, radical graft copolymerization, sulfonation reaction to graft ionic polymers, etc., the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of polysaccharides can be adjusted, improving their drug loading efficiency and targeted delivery ability. By synergizing crosslinking reactions such as Schiff base reaction, ionic crosslinking, and covalent crosslinking, hydrogels with excellent properties can be constructed. After structural modification, polysaccharides from TCM can achieve efficient encapsulation of hydrophobic active ingredients, construct intelligent drug delivery systems, develop self-healing hydrogels, and build tissue scaffolds. Although they have advantages such as high plasticity and good biocompatibility as delivery systems, there are also potential issues such as stability, immune response, and quality control that need further research and resolution.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1046K]

  • Effects of different light qualities on field-grown Epimedium pubescens

    ZHANG Chang-tai;SUO Feng-mei;XU Chao-qun;GUO Bao-lin;Institute of Medicinal Plant Development,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College;

    The study investigated the effects of different light qualities on the photosynthetic parameters, yield, and bioactive chemical content of Epimedium pubescens under field conditions and identified the optimal light quality for cultivation, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the application of different light qualities in field production. The variety "Guitong Roumao No.1" was planted with five treatments: black(control), blue, red, yellow, and green shade nets, under 75% shading rate. Dynamic changes in chlorophyll content, photosynthetic parameters, and bioactive chemicals were measured on days 60 and 120. On day 120, the dry weights of the aerial and underground parts were measured, and the root-to-shoot ratio was calculated. The effects of light quality were comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis(PCA). The results demonstrated that compared with the black net, the blue net increased the total dry weight by 36.28%(P<0.05), with a 13.53% increase in the aerial part. In contrast, the red net decreased the total dry weight by 35.74%(P<0.05), with a 48.53% decrease in the aerial part. No significant differences in total dry weight were observed between the yellow/green nets and the black net. The blue net maintained the highest net photosynthetic rate(P_n) and maximum net photosynthetic rate(A_(max)) on day 120. Under the red net, P_n significantly decreased due to reduced light capture capacity(declines in apparent quantum efficiency [AQE] and chlorophyll relative content [SPAD]) and inhibition of Rubisco activity and electron transport processes in the Calvin cycle. No significant difference in A_(max) was detected under the yellow and green nets relative to the black net. The total content of bioactive chemicals under the blue net on day 120 was higher than that under the black net and showed no decline compared with that on day 60. PCA integrating photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and bioactive chemical content demonstrated that the blue net had a greater overall promoting effect than the black net, while the other colored shade nets had lesser effects than the black net. These findings indicate that the blue net can maintain high photosynthetic efficiency, promote dry matter accumulation, and effectively inhibit the decline in bioactive chemical content. The use of blue shade nets is recommended for the field cultivation of E. pubescens.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1025K]

  • Effect of yeast extract induction on carbohydrate components of Sorbus aucuparia

    ZHANG Wen-jin;WANG Ting-ting;ZHANG Xiao-jia;XIE Xian-xin;YANG Xin-ge;GUO Lan-ping;School of Pharmacy,Ningxia Medical University;Ningxia Centre for the Modernisation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Engineering Technology/Key Laboratory of Protection,Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area,Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization,Ministry of Education;Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences;State

    Carbohydrates are involved in energy and material metabolism, playing an essential role in plant growth, development, and stress response. This study used Sorbus aucuparia suspension cells(SASCs) as a model to investigate the effects of yeast extract(YE) induction on the carbohydrate components of SASCs. Polysaccharides were extracted using an orbital shaker, and total and soluble sugar content was determined. The types and quantities of oligosaccharides were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector(UPLC-ELSD), and the monosaccharide composition of the crude polysaccharides of SASCs was also examined. The results showed that YE induction did not affect the total sugar and soluble sugar content in SASCs. The types of oligosaccharides in SASCs were limited, with only sucrose and kestose detected. Under YE induction, the content of kestose decreased. There were no differences in the monosaccharide composition of the crude polysaccharides from YE-induced SASCs, while the content of D-fructose, D-mannitol, D-allose, and D-glucose increased, and the content of D-galacturonic decreased. These findings suggested that changes in carbohydrate components varied with stress factors. YE induction had a relatively minor effect on the metabolism of carbohydrate substances in SASCs but significantly affects the formation of characteristic biphenyl and dibenzofuran-type phytoalexins in the subfamily Maloideae.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1059K]

  • Angelica sinensis polysaccharide-chitosan nanosystem synergizes with radiotherapy to enhance anti-tumor immunity and suppress tumor growth

    WANG Hao-jie;YU Xing-tai;CHEN Zhi-jun;WU Tian-xin;HU Zhe-ming;FAN Jia-yi;WANG Wen-yi;LU Yang;School of Chinese Materia Medica,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine;

    To enhance the immunomodulatory effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide(ASP) on the tumor microenvironment, this study prepared ASP-chitosan nanoparticles(ASP-NPs) using a molecular self-assembly technique. The preparation process was optimized through single-factor investigation. The results from dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy showed that ASP-NPs had a particle size of(313.1±23.3) nm, with uniform distribution and regular morphology. In the 4T1 breast cancer mouse model, ASP-NPs combined with radiotherapy(RT) significantly inhibited tumor growth through two administration routes(intratumoral injection and intravenous injection): the tumor inhibition rate reached 69% in the intratumoral injection group and 47% in the intravenous injection group, both significantly higher than that of the RT group(P<0.05). Serum cytokine assays showed that interferon-γ(IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were significantly elevated under both administration methods(P<0.05). Tumor hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining revealed that the combined treatment group had significantly expanded necrotic areas in tumor tissues and obvious inflammatory cell infiltration. Immunohistochemical and TUNEL assays showed that ASP-NPs could inhibit tumor cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. Flow cytometry further compared and analyzed dendritic cells(DCs) in tumor-draining lymph nodes and effector T cell subsets in tumor tissues, showing that both intratumoral and intravenous injections increased mature DCs in lymph nodes by over 11.2%. The infiltration rates of CD4~+ T cells and CD8~+ T cells in tumor tissues were significantly increased by 1.6-fold and 2.5-fold respectively compared with the simple RT group(P<0.05). In conclusion, this study reveals the immune activation effect of ASP-NPs combined with radiotherapy, achieving better anti-tumor efficacy, and providing important experimental evidence for tumor immune combination therapy strategies based on traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1284K]

  • Research on anti-4T1 mouse breast cancer efficacy of injectable liposome hydrogel co-loaded with gambogic acid and indocyanine green

    WEI Gao-jian;HUANG Sheng-nan;WANG Zi-ang;LI Yi-jing;ZHAO Meng-jie;CHEN Yu;ZHANG Xue-qing;WU Can;ZHU Xia-li;College of Pharmacy,Henan University of Chinese Medicine;Academy of Chinese Medical Science,Henan University of Chinese Medicine;

    This study aimed to assess the antitumor efficacy of a liposome hydrogel(GA-ICG-Lip-gel) co-loaded with gambogic acid(GA) and indocyanine green(ICG) both in vitro and in vivo, in combination with near infrared(NIR). The biological safety of GA-ICG-Lip-gel was assessed through the hemolysis assay. The inhibitory effects of various formulations, alone and in combination with 808 nm(2.5 W·cm~(-2)) NIR irradiation, on tumor cells were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. A BALB/c mouse model with 4T1 breast cancer was established. In vivo photothermal properties of the nanocomposite system were assessed via infrared thermal imaging. The anticancer efficacy of GA-ICG-Lip-gel was evaluated through pharmacodynamic testing, hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-end labeling(TUNEL) of tumor tissue, and Ki67 immunohistochemistry for proliferation cell-associated antigen. Interleukin-6(IL-6) levels were measured using an ELISA assay, along with tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interferon-γ(IFN-γ) levels. Results indicate that GA-ICG-Lip-gel exhibits excellent biological safety and photothermal stability, with a concentration-and time-dependent inhibitory effect on 4T1 cells. The cellular uptake of GA-ICG-Lip-gel by 4T1 cells is highly efficient, leading to a significant suppression of their migratory capacity. In vivo, GA-ICG-Lip-gel exhibits excellent photothermal conversion properties and effectively inhibits the growth of 4T1 breast cancer cells. ELISA assay results indicate that GA-ICG-Lip-gel + NIR notably increases the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in tumor-bearing mice. In summary, GA-ICG-Lip-gel serves as a promising nanodrug delivery platform that, when combined with NIR irradiation, displays potent antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1275K]

  • Analysis of volatile component changes in wine-processing of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma based on headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry combined with chemometrics

    WANG Shuang-jie;YAN Lin;MENG Ling-bang;JIA Zhe;GAO Hui-min;LIU Ying;WANG Zhi-min;WANG Yun;ZHANG Cun;Henan University of Chinese Medicine;State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences;

    Based on volatile components, the dilution ratio of yellow rice wine to water in wine-processed Rhei Radix et Rhizoma was optimized, and the types and relative content changes of volatile components during the wine processing of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma were systematically investigated. Chemometrics combined with relative odor activity value(ROAV) was applied to further screen the key volatile components during the wine processing. Headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry(HS-GC-IMS) technology, along with VOCal 04.07 software and the Gallery Plot plugin, was employed to analyze the fingerprint and total ion intensity of samples prepared with different yellow rice wine dilution ratios. Preliminary screening results indicated that a dilution ratio of yellow rice wine to water of 1∶1 yielded the optimal outcome. Furthermore, based on HS-GC-IMS data, principal component analysis(PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA), and variable importance in projection(VIP) analysis, combined with ROAV, were used to identify the key volatile components during the wine processing of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. A total of 107 volatile components and their peak intensity information were detected. Through database matching, 81 components were identified, belonging to 12 categories of compounds. Among these, esters and sulfides account for a relatively high proportion, while phenols and ethers account for a relatively low proportion. During the processing, the peak intensities of hydrocarbons, acids, nitrogen-containing heterocycles, and nitrogen-sulfur compounds remained generally stable. The peak intensities of ketones and sulfides showed an initial increase followed by a decrease, whereas the peak intensity of esters exhibited a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and subsequently increasing again. Although the changing trends of alcohols, oxygen-containing heterocycles, aldehydes, ethers, and phenols were not obvious, the peak intensities of alcohols and oxygen-containing heterocycles reached their highest levels at 12 min, while that of ethers was the lowest at 12 min. Through chemometric analysis and peak intensity changes, 29 volatile components with significant differences were screened, which effectively distinguished different processing stages of wine-processed Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, and 12 min was determined as the optimal processing endpoint. Combined with ROAV analysis, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol was ultimately identified as the key aroma component, while methyl isovalerate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and butanal were identified as modifying components. In terms of volatile composition, a yellow rice wine to water of 1∶1 was found to be optimal. Esters and sulfur-containing compounds are the main volatile components of wine-processed Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, with 2-methyl-3-furanthiol serving as a key indicator for determining the optimal processing stage.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1216K]

  • Analysis of chemical components and origin differences of Alismatis Rhizoma based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS

    XU Tian-tian;KANG Shu-yu;TANG Song-yuan;SUN Hui;YAN Guang-li;KONG Ling;HAN Ying;WANG Xi-jun;State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine,Chinmedomics Research Center of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine;

    Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was used to comprehensively analyze the chemical components of 20 batches of Alismatis Rhizoma from four production areas and explore the differences in components among them. To accurately identify and characterize the chemical components of Alismatis Rhizoma, principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were used to perform multivariate statistical analysis on the Alismatis Rhizoma from production areas: Nanping city in Fujian province, Leshan city in Sichuan province, Pengshan district in Sichuan province, and Qionglai city in Sichuan province. Additionally, analysis of variance was employed to screen the differential chemical components of Alismatis Rhizoma from different origins. A total of 104 chemical components were identified, including 87 triterpenoids, three sesquiterpenes, four organic acids, four amino acids, three flavonoids, and three other components. A total of 18 differential chemical components were characterized, including two unique components and 16 common differential components. Among them, 1S,4S,10S-calamusin Ⅰ was unique to Alismatis Rhizoma produced in Fujian province, and the content of 11,23-dioxo-alisol A and alisolid D was the highest in the Alismatis Rhizoma produced in Nanping city of Fujian province. 24-oxo-25-dehydro-alisol F was unique to Alismatis Rhizoma produced in Sichuan province. The content of 16-oxoalisol A, alisol F, alisol A, alisol G, and alisol M 23-acetate was the highest in the Alismatis Rhizoma produced in Leshan city of Sichuan province. The content of 4-(diglycodylamino) phenyl glycidyl ether, alisol B, alisol L 23-acetate, alisol C 23-acetate, alisol A 23-acetate, alisol O, and 16-oxo-23-acetyl-alisol C was the highest in the Alismatis Rhizoma produced in Pengshan city of Sichuan province, and that of alismanol M and 16-oxo-22-hydroxy-alisol A was the highest in the Alismatis Rhizoma produced in Qionglai city of Sichuan province. In conclusion, the origin of Alismatis Rhizoma has a significant effect on its chemical components. The use of characteristic components can effectively evaluate differences in origin, providing a scientific basis for the quality evaluation and selection of high-quality origins for Alismatis Rhizoma.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1307K]

  • Antidepressant active substance basis of ethanol extract from Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma based on spectrum-effect relationships and blood-entering component verification

    YANG Miao-miao;LEI Le-le;PU Xiao-bin;YANG Zi-mu;PANG Zhe;LI Wen-jing;CUI Zhi-jia;SHAO Jing;College of Pharmacy,Gansu University of Chinese Medicine;Northwest Collaborative Innovation Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Co-constructed by Gansu Province and Ministry of Education;Gansu Scientific Research Center for Chinese Medicine Regulation;Level Ⅲ Laboratory (Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry) of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine;

    The antidepressant active substance basis of the ethanol extract from Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma was analyzed and interpreted by establishing the high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) feature spectra and the spectrum-effect relationship of cell damage protection, and combining the analysis and screening of blood-entering components. HPLC was used to establish feature spectra for 18 batches of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma from different origins. Principal component analysis(PCA) and cluster analysis were used to evaluate and analyze the 18 batches of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma. The cytoprotective effect of 95% ethanol extract of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma was evaluated by using a corticosterone-induced PC12 cell damage model. Gray correlation analysis(GCA), partial least squares regression(PLSR) analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis were used to screen for key active components in Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma that protect PC12 cells from damage. Blood-entering components were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that the similarity of the feature spectra of the 18 batches of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma samples established was all > 0.8, with 36 common peaks calibrated and 12 chemical components identified. The results of cluster analysis and PCA were consistent. The 18 batches of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma samples were divided into three categories. A total of 43 prototype components and one metabolite, mainly flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, fatty acids, and other compounds, were detected in the blood-entering components. The results of the gray correlation analysis showed that the correlation of the 36 common peaks in the Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma feature spectrum was all > 0.8. PLSR analysis and Pearson correlation analysis preliminarily identified components such as cryptotanshinone, paeonol, aristolone, nardosinone, and luteolin as the key active substances responsible for improving PC12 cell damage in the ethanol extract of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma. The active components identified through spectrum-effect relationship analysis, including cryptotanshinone, paeonol, nardosinone, luteolin, alpha-asarone, and alpha-cyperone, were all verified in the identification of blood-entering prototype components. The study of the spectrum-effect relationship analysis clarified that the improvement of PC12 cell damage by the 95% ethanol extract of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma was the result of the synergistic action of multiple components. Furthermore, through the verification of blood-entering components, the 11 compounds screened out can serve as the active ingredient group responsible for the antidepressant activity of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma. This provides a research foundation and direction for elucidating the substance basis and mechanism of action of the antidepressant activity of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma, as well as scientific evidence for improving the quality standards related to the "quality-effect" relationship of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1215K]

  • Exploration in molecular mechanism of icariin for ameliorating postmenopausal osteoporosis based on estrogen receptor α-mediated regulation of mitophagy in osteoblasts

    WANG Ning;CONG Nan;LIU Xuan;CHEN Si;YANG Jiao-jiao;LIU Nian;DONG Yu-xi;ZHAO Pi-wen;School of Life Sciences,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine;Department of Gynecology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University;School of Chinese Materia Medica,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine;

    This study investigated the molecular mechanism by which icariin regulates mitophagy via the estrogen receptor α(ERα)-mediated silencing of the regulatory protein 1(SIRT1)/forkhead box protein O3a(FOXO3a) pathway and its downstream PTEN-induced kinase 1(PINK1)/Parkin signaling axis, thereby influencing bone metabolism and osteoblast differentiation to ameliorate postmenopausal osteoporosis(PMOP). Network pharmacology and molecular docking were initially employed to identify key targets of icariin and potential signaling pathways related to PMOP, followed by validation of icariin′s binding affinity to these targets. For in vivo experiments, 36 female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six groups: sham-operation, model, estradiol(E_2)-treated, and low-, medium-and high-dose icariin-treated groups, respectively. In the sham operation group, some fat pads around the ovaries were removed from the mice, while the PMOP models were established through castration surgery in other groups. The drug administration groups were respectively given estradiol or icariin for continuous intervention for 8 weeks. Estrus cycle changes were monitored, while serum hormone and bone metabolism levels were measured by ELISA. Meanwhile, the femoral microstructure was evaluated using Micro-CT and HE staining, and bone anabolism was assessed by Western blot, Masson staining, and Goldner staining, respectively. In addition, mitophagy and expression of related proteins were examined by Western blot and transmission electron microscopy, while SIRT1/FOXO3a pathway proteins were analyzed by Western blot. For in vitro experiments, MC3T3-E1 cells were divided into control(osteogenic induction) and icariin-treated groups(low, medium, and high doses), with additional ERα antagonist and SIRT1 inhibitor interventions. Osteogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix mineralization were evaluated using ALP staining, alizarin red staining, and Western blot. Mitophagy and expression of related proteins were examined by Western blot and immunofluorescence detection, while the expression of proteins related to SIRT1/FOXO3a pathway was detected by Western blot. The results of network pharmacology analysis showed that SIRT1/FOXO3a was identified as a critical pathway to regulate PMOP, with icariin exhibiting high binding affinity to ERα. The results of in vivo experiments showed that compared to the sham operation group, the model group exhibited disrupted estrous cycles along with significantly decreased serum E_2 and procollagen type Ⅰ N-terminal propeptide(P1NP) levels, while follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), luteinizing hormone(LH), and C-terminal telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen(CTX-1) levels were markedly elevated, indicating successful establishment of the PMOP model. Following icariin intervention, the treatment group showed significantly increased serum P1NP levels and decreased CTX-1 levels compared to the model group. Meanwhile, icariin improved femoral microstructure, increased the areas of collagen deposition and mineralized bone matrix, and upregulated osteogenic-specific proteins, such as osteopontin(OPN) and osteoprotegerin(OPG). Icariin promoted the formation of autophagolysosome-like structures in osteoblasts. It inhibited the expression of autophagy-related protein P62 while upregulating mitophagy-related proteins PINK1, Parkin, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3A(LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ) and Beclin1, as well as the key pathway proteins SIRT1 and FOXO3a. The results of in vitro experiments demonstrated that icariin upregulated the expression of OPN and OPG, while promoting osteogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix mineralization. It downregulated P62 protein expression while enhancing the expression of PINK1, Parkin, LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ and Beclin1. Additionally, icariin increased the co-localization fluorescence intensity of LC3 with MitoTracker. Upon the addition of the ERα antagonist, the expression levels of SIRT1, FOXO3a, PINK1, and Parkin were significantly reduced, accompanied by weakened co-localization fluorescence intensity. When the SIRT1 inhibitor was introduced, the expression of acetylated FOXO3a increased, while the expression of PINK1, Parkin, and FOXO3a markedly decreased, along with diminished co-localization fluorescence intensity. In summary, icariin ameliorates PMOP by enhancing PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy via the ERα-SIRT1/FOXO3a pathway, thereby regulating bone metabolism and promoting bone remodeling.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1352K]

  • Effects and mechanisms of Renshen Guben Oral Liquid combined with Jingfang Granules on ovarian aging in perimenopausal mice

    GONG Li-yuan;ZHANG Meng-di;ZHAO Wen-xin;YAO Fang-fang;DU Jian-cai;YAO Jing-chun;WANG En-li;ZHANG Gui-min;Graduate School,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine,Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd.;

    A perimenopausal mouse model was established using 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide(VCD) combined with a high-fat diet to investigate the regulatory effects of Renshen Guben Oral Liquid in combination with Jingfang Granules on ovarian aging and metabolic function, integrating with metabolomics and network pharmacology to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Animals were allocated into normal, model, low-(3.6 mL·kg~(-1)), medium-(7.2 mL·kg~(-1)), and high-dose(14.4 mL·kg~(-1)) Renshen Guben Oral Liquid, Jingfang Granules, combination treatment(14.4 mL·kg~(-1) Renshen Guben Oral Liquid + 4 g·kg~(-1) Jingfang Granules),and positive control(estradiol valerate, 0.18 mg·kg~(-1)) groups. Serum levels of total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Serum estradiol(E_2),follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),and anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Ovarian histopathology was examined by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. Potential targets and pathways were predicted through network pharmacology, and non-targeted metabolomics was applied to detect serum metabolite alterations. Western blot was employed to detect ovarian protein expression of estrogen receptor alpha(ERα),phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K),protein kinase B(Akt),mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),forkhead box protein O1(FoxO1),and their phosphorylated forms. The results showed that compared to the model group, combination treatment markedly attenuated body weight gain, reduced Lee′s index, restored the levels of TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C,and alleviated the disorders in E_2, FSH, LH, and AMH. Metabolomic analysis revealed disturbances in phospholipid and branched-chain amino acid metabolism in the model group, with enrichment in pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis as well as valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis pathways. Network pharmacology identified core targets including estrogen receptor 1(ESR1),mitogen-activated protein kinase 1(MAPK1),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARG),and interleukin 6(IL6),which were associated with estrogen, PI3K/Akt, and FoxO signaling pathways. Western blot further demonstrated that combination treatment upregulated the protein expression of ERα,p-PI3K/PI3K,p-Akt/Akt, p-mTOR/mTOR,and p-FoxO1/FoxO1,thereby improving ovarian energy metabolism and apoptotic imbalance, ultimately exerting protective effects on ovarian function. These findings suggested that the synergistic use of Renshen Guben Oral Liquid and Jingfang Granules exerts multi-targeted regulation of ovarian metabolism and signaling pathways and improves ovarian function in perimenopausal mice, providing experimental evidence for TCM intervention in premature ovarian failure and perimenopausal syndrome.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1232K]

  • Changes in proteomics of naturally aged rat bone marrow and ameliorative effect of Yougui Yin and its mechanism

    RAN Hai-feng;WEI Xiao-ru;WAN Ke-xi;CHEN Yi;FENG Shan;ZHANG Ji-fen;XU Xiao-yu;School of Pharmacy & School of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Southwest University,National TCM Administration Key Discipline Construction Program,Southwest University Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chongqing Key Discipline Construction Program of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Southwest University Hospital Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation;Key Laboratory of Raw Material Quality Control and Safety Ev

    This study aims to investigate changes in proteomics of naturally aged rat bone marrow and the ameliorative effect of Yougui Yin along with its mechanism. Naturally aged rats were divided into groups and administered Yougui Yin orally for 60 days. Changes in the rats′ appearance, organ tissue morphology, biochemical parameters, and bone marrow proteins were observed. Yougui Yin was administered to intervene in D-galactose(D-gal)-induced aging of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs), and their proliferation capacity, osteogenic differentiation capacity, oxidation indicators, and bone marrow protein changes were detected. Proteomics screening and Western blot validation confirmed significant elevation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2(NOX2) and transferrin receptor protein 1(TFR1) alongside significant reduction in heme oxygenase 1(HO-1) and ferritin heavy chain 1(FTH1) in the bone marrow of naturally aged rats. Rats in the Yougui Yin groups showed significant improvements in appearance, organ indices, histomorphology of kidney and spleen tissues, blood counts, and liver/kidney function indicators. Serum superoxide dismutase(SOD), total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC), and glutathione(GSH) levels were significantly elevated, while reactive oxygen species(ROS) and malondialdehyde(MDA) levels were significantly reduced. ROS levels in bone marrow were significantly decreased. BMSCs from rats in the Yougui Yin groups showed significantly increased cellular activity and osteogenic differentiation capacity, reduced β-galactosidase staining in senescent cells, and significantly decreased ROS. In the Yougui Yin groups, the expression of NOX2 and TFR1 proteins in rat bone marrow and BMSCs was significantly reduced, while that of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2), HO-1, and FTH1 proteins was significantly increased. In summary, bone marrow aging in naturally aged rats was associated with significantly elevated oxidation-related proteins NOX2 and TFR1 and significantly reduced HO-1 and FTH1. Yougui Yin significantly improved the physical condition of naturally aged rats. Its mechanism for ameliorating bone marrow aging involved significantly decreasing TFR1 and NOX2 expression, significantly increasing NRF2, HO-1, and FTH1 expression, reducing bone marrow lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis of bone marrow cells.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1154K]

  • Mechanism of artesunate-induced ferroptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

    HUANG Ying;WU Jie-yi;XIA Jing-wen;GAO Yuan-yuan;LI Peng;Oncology Department No.3,Tumor Hospital,General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University;Radiology Department,General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University;Institute of Cancer,General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University;

    This article investigated the effect and mechanism of artesunate(ART) on ferroptosis in triple-negative breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and MDA-MB-468 cells were cultured in vitro. The effect of ART at different concentrations on the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells and MDA-MB-468 cells was detected by cell counting kit-8(CCK-8), and the appropriate treatment concentration of ART was screened out. The cells were randomly separated into a control group and groups of ART, ART + ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1(Fer-1), ART + ferroptosis inhibitor deferiprone(DFP), and ART + Wnt/β-catenin agonist(SKL2001). The CCK-8 method was used to detect cell viability. Commercial kits were used to detect the release of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and the level of glutathione(GSH), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and malondialdehyde(MDA). Immunofluorescence was used to measure the level of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and intracellular Fe~(2+) and the protein expression level of glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4) and β-catenin. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of transferrin receptor 1(TFR1), divalent metal transporter 1(DMT1), light polypeptide(FTL), acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4(ACSL4), solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11), GPX4, β-catenin, and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β(p-GSK-3β). The results showed that the survival rate of MDA-MB-231 cells and MDA-MB-468 cells decreased with increasing ART concentration. Compared with those of the control group, the LDH release rate and the levels of ROS, intracellular Fe~(2+), and MDA were significantly elevated(P<0.01), and the TFR1, DMT1, and ACSL4 protein expressions were significantly increased(P<0.01) in the ART group. The GSH and SOD levels were significantly reduced(P<0.01), and the FTL, SLC7A11, GPX4, β-catenin, and p-GSK-3β protein expressions were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01) in the ART group. Compared with those of the ART group, the LDH release rate and the levels of ROS, intracellular Fe~(2+), and MDA were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the TFR1, DMT1, and ACSL4 protein expressions were significantly reduced(P<0.01) in the ART + Fer-1 group and the ART + DFP group. The GSH and SOD levels were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the FTL, SLC7A11, and GPX4 protein expressions were significantly elevated(P<0.05 or P<0.01) in the ART + Fer-1 group and the ART + DFP group. After using SKL2001, the inhibitory effect of ART on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was weakened. To sum up, ART inhibits the proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells by inducing ferroptosis, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1218K]

  • Mechanism of Wuyou Decoction in improving hippocampal injury in chronic sleep deprivation model rats by inhibiting neuroinflammation and protecting blood-brain barrier

    WANG Zheng-yu;GAO Jian-hong;WU Dan;LAI Bi-xuan;CAI Yuan-qin;WANG Xi;LONG Qing-hua;Medical School,Hubei Minzu University;Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Rheumatic Disease,Hubei Minzu University;Anhui University of Chinese Medicine;Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine;

    This study explored the mechanism by which Wuyou Decoction(WYD) ameliorated hippocampal injury in a chronic sleep deprivation model rat by suppressing neuroinflammation and protecting the blood-brain barrier(BBB). Fifty 2-month-old male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal, model, low-dose WYD, medium-dose WYD, and high-dose WYD. Except for the normal group, all rats underwent a 7-day adaptation period for the water platform sleep deprivation model, which was followed by 21 days of formal sleep deprivation modeling. Concurrently with the start of formal modeling, rats in the low-, medium-, and high-dose WYD groups received corresponding doses of WYD via intragastric administration for 28 consecutive days. After modeling and drug administration, learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze. Nissl staining was used to quantify Nissl bodies. Immunohistochemistry evaluated the morphology and quantity of the neuronal marker neuron specific nuclear protein(NeuN) in the hippocampus. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) measured levels of amyloid β-protein(Aβ)_(1-40) and Aβ_(1-42). Immunofluorescence assessed the fluorescence intensity of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1(IBA1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP). Western blot analyzed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP9), zona occludens 1(ZO-1), claudin 5, occludin, interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in hippocampal tissue, which were proteins related to BBB and inflammatory factors. Compared with the normal group, the model group exhibited significantly prolonged escape latency and decreased platform-crossing times and target quadrant residence time. Nissl body count and NeuN-positive neurons were reduced with disorganized neuronal arrangement. Aβ_(1-40) and Aβ_(1-42) levels were elevated. Fluorescence intensity of IBA1 and GFAP was increased. Expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α was enhanced, and expression of MMP9 and MMP2 was upregulated, while expression of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin 5 was downregulated. Compared to the model group, medium-dose WYD intervention shortened escape latency and increased platform-crossing times and target quadrant residence time. Nissl bodies and neurons were more numerous and were orderly arranged. Aβ_(1-40) and Aβ_(1-42) levels were reduced. Fluorescence intensity of IBA1 and GFAP was attenuated. Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were decreased. Expression of MMP9 and MMP2 was downregulated, while expression of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin 5 was upregulated. The above results suggest that WYD improves cognitive function in the chronic sleep deprivation model rats by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and protecting the integrity of BBB.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1140K]

  • Mechanism of Zuogui Jiangtang Yishen Prescription ameliorating diabetic kidney disease in db/db mice via regulation of Sema3a/VEGFA/VEGFR2 pathway

    PENG Yao;HU Shu-juan;LI Xu-hua;CHEN Li-li;ZHOU Tong-yi;YU Rong;PENG Ya-jun;Hunan University of Chinese Medicine;the First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine;

    This study investigated the renal protection effect and mechanism of Zuogui Jiangtang Yishen Prescription(ZGJTYSF) for db/db mice with diabetic kidney disease(DKD), focusing on the semaphorin 3a(Sema3a)/vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2(VEGFR2) pathway. A DKD mouse model was established using 50 db/db mice(6 weeks, males) and 10 age-matched male db/m mice after 8 weeks on a regular diet. The db/db mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: the model group, the western medicine(dapagliflozin, 0.001 3 g·kg~(-1)) group, and the low-(6.4 g·kg~(-1)), medium-(12.8 g·kg~(-1)), and high-dose(25.6 g·kg~(-1)) ZGJTYSF groups, with 10 mice in each group. Another 10 db/m mice were set as the normal group. For the normal and model groups, the mice were administrated an equal amounts of saline by gavage. After intervention for 8 consecutive weeks, fasting blood glucose(FBG), urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio(UACR), and liver and kidney function changes were detected in mice. Histopathological changes in kidney tissue of each group were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE), periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) staining, Masson staining, and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of glomerular endothelial cell marker(CD34), Sema3a, VEGFA, and VEGFR2 mRNA in renal tissues of each group, and Western blot was applied to measure the expression levels of CD34, Sema3a, VEGFA, and VEGFR2 proteins in renal tissues of each group. The results showed that compared with the normal group, mice in the model group had significantly higher FBG(P<0.05), significantly higher UACR(P<0.05), and significantly higher CD34, Sema3a, VEGFA, VEGFR2 mRNA expression and protein expression(P<0.05). The model group also showed an increased glomerular volume, fused podocyte protrusions, swollen endothelial cells, narrowed and damaged capillary lumen, increased stroma, and thickened glomerular basement membrane. After intervention, ZGJTYSF groups reduced FBG and UACR in DKD mice compared with the model group, which was positively correlated with the administration dosage, and the difference was statistically significant at the 8th week of administration(P<0.05). Compared with the model group, ZGJTYSF groups and the western medicine group improved glomerular and endothelial cells and podocyte injury. They could reduce CD34, Sema3a, VEGFA, VEGFR2 mRNA expression in kidney tissues, and the expression of CD34 and Sema3a mRNA was significantly reduced(P<0.05). They could also reduce the expression of CD34, Sema3a, VEGFA, and VEGFR2 proteins, and VEGFA proteins expression was significantly reduced in the dapagliflozin group and the medium-dose group of ZGJTYSF(P<0.05), Sema3a and VEGFR2 proteins expression were significantly reduced in the low-dose group of ZGJTYSF(P<0.05). The study revealed that ZGJTYSF can delay the progression of DKD by inhibiting the Sema3a/VEGFA/VEGFR2 pathway, and its mechanism, besides improving glucose metabolism in mice, may be related to the improvement of podocyte and endothelial cell injury.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1041K]

  • Mechanistic study on alleviation of bone erosion in CIA mice by Scutellariae Radix-Gardeniae Fructus drug pair via regulation of SphK1-mediated glycolysis

    LI Jian-jian;GAN Pei-rong;DAI Ji-guang;PANG Jing;DING Tao;WU Hong;School of Pharmacy,Anhui University of Chinese Medicine;Key Laboratory of Xin′an Medicine,Ministry of Education;

    This study aims to investigate whether Scutellariae Radix-Gardeniae Fructus(S-G) drug pairs alleviate joint inflammation and bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) mice by regulating sphingosine kinase 1(SphK1)-mediated glycolysis and inhibiting the differentiation of osteoclasts(OCs) induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand(RANKL). Potential therapeutic targets of S-G drug pairs were screened via network pharmacology, followed by Gene Ontology(GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment and molecular docking analyses. The effects of S-G drug pairs on bone erosion, inflammatory cytokines, glycolysis-related factors, and OCs differentiation were evaluated using both the CIA mouse model and the RAW264.7 cell in vitro induction system. In vivo results showed that S-G drug pairs alleviated joint swelling and synovial inflammation, reduced OCs number, and modulated the expression of key cytokines, including RANKL, osteoprotegerin(OPG), interleukin(IL)-6, and IL-10. In vitro findings further demonstrated that serum containing the drug significantly inhibited RANKL-induced OCs differentiation, reduced F-actin ring formation, and lowered levels of lactate acid(LA) and lactate dehydrogenase A(LDH-A). Additionally, it suppressed the expression of glycolysis-and bone resorption-related proteins and genes such as SphK1, pyruvate kinase M2(PKM2), oncoprotein c-Myc(c-Myc), and cathepsin K(CTSK), while also weakening the interaction between SphK1 and PKM2. In conclusion, S-G drug pairs could inhibit OCs differentiation by regulating SphK1-mediated glycolytic metabolism, thereby mitigating rheumatoid arthritis-induced bone erosion.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1116K]

  • Mechanism of Zingiberis Rhizoma mixed and triturated with Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus for treating phlegm asthma based on UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology combined with animal experiments

    ZUO Yu-ting;ZHONG Pei;LIU Yu-xin;TANG Wen-wen;TAO Wen-han;WANG Xiao-li;ZHAO Quan;LIU Chan-ming;JIN Ying;CHEN Wei;HUANG Wei;Affiliated Changzhou Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine;Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Inheritance Base of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine;

    The effects of Zingiberis Rhizoma mixed and triturated with Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus(ZMTS) on phlegm asthma were investigated based on compositional analysis, network pharmacology, and animal experiments. The compositional analysis of ZMTS using UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS identified a total of 37 components, with 33 active components screened out by TCMSP and SwissADME. SwissTargetPrediction and Superpred were employed to search for targets corresponding to the active components, while GeneCards was used to search for targets of the active constituents, resulting in a total of 118 intersection targets. The protein-protein interaction(PPI) network of component-disease intersection targets was constructed using STRING 11.0 and visualized using Cytoscape 3.10.0. The DAVID platform was utilized to perform Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses on the intersection targets, revealing that the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt)pathway was an important therapeutic pathway. A component-target-pathway network was constructed, and the core components and core targets were subjected to molecular docking, demonstrating a good binding effect between the core components and core targets. The mechanism of action of ZMTS was verified by establishing a mouse model of phlegm asthma through histopathological staining, immunohistochemistry(IHC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), and Western blot. The animal experiments showed that the high-dose ZMTS group could significantly improve the airway inflammatory response in the mice with phlegm asthma, reduce the levels of interleukin-17(IL-17) and interleukin-23(IL-23), and significantly inhibite the phosphorylation level of PI3K and Akt proteins. ZMTS exerts its effect in improving phlegm asthma by acting on targets such as IL-17 and IL-23 through multiple components, with the mechanism closely related to the regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, fully demonstrating the comprehensive effect of multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-pathways.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1151K]

  • Study on mechanism of Danzha Tongmai Pills against atherosclerosis based on theory of "phlegm-stasis intermingling"

    TAO Ye-qin;LIU Hui;GAO Ming-guo;CAI Xiao-xia;LIN Tao;XIE Zong-ming;JIANG Cui-ping;ZHANG Juan-juan;the Second Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Hunan University of Chinese Medicine;Liuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine;

    Based on the TCM theory of "phlegm-stasis intermingling", this study aims to investigate the mechanism of Danzha Tongmai Pills(DZTMW) in treating atherosclerosis(AS), focusing on elucidating its in vivo active components, metabolic regulatory effects in serum, hepatoprotective effects, and anti-inflammatory efficacy. An AS model was established in apolipoprotein E knockout(ApoE~(-/-)) mice, which were divided into a normal group, an model group, low/medium/high-dose DZTMW groups, and an atorvastatin positive control group. The normal group was fed a standard diet, while the other groups were fed a high-fat diet to induce AS lesions. During the intervention phase, the groups were administered corresponding drugs or an equal volume of solvent by gavage. A series of tests were conducted after continuous intervention. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was used to identify the blood-entering components of DZTMW, and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry(LC-HRMS) was employed for non-targeted serum metabolomics analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between blood-entering components and differential metabolites. Levels of serum lipid [total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), and free fatty acids(FFA)] and liver function markers [alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)] were measured. Liver histopathology and lipid deposition were assessed by HE and oil red O staining, and serum levels of inflammatory factors [lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2(LP-PLA2), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP), interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β)] were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The results showed that 23 blood-entering components were identified from DZTMW, including three prototype compounds, 20 metabolites, and 142 differential metabolites of serum. Core blood-entering components such as hydroxyl asiatic acid M1 and neocryptotanshinone metabolite were highly/extremely correlated with differential metabolites like 5-hydroxytryptamine, lysophosphatidylcholine(P-18:1/0:0) and sphingomyelin(d18:1/15:0). DZTMW administration at various doses significantly reduced the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and FFA(P<0.01), increased the HDL-C level(P<0.01), decreased ALT and AST activities(P<0.05, P<0.01), alleviated hepatocyte steatosis and lipid droplet deposition, and down-regulated the expression of inflammatory factors in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.01). The effects of the high-dose DZTMW group were comparable to those of the atorvastatin group. In summary, DZTMW can effectively inhibit the progression of AS in ApoE~(-/-) mice. Its mechanism may involve the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism by its in vivo active components to ameliorate the "phlegm-turbidity" pathology and reduce liver injury, and the inhibition of systemic inflammation to alleviate the "blood stasis" process. The study can provide a modern biological basis for the theory of "phlegm-stasis intermingling".

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1095K]

  • Effect of Viola tianshanica extract on innate immune response in mice infected with influenza A virus based on RIG-Ⅰ/NLRP3 signaling pathway

    LIU Yan;LUO Fu-xiang;WANG Xue;Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Uygur Medical Research,Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica;

    This study aims to investigate the effect of Viola tianshanica Maxim. extract(VTME) on the innate immune response in mice infected with influenza A virus. Mice were randomly divided into a control group, a virus-infected group, an oseltamivir group, and low-, medium-, and high-dose VTME groups, with 10 mice in each group. The model of influenza pneumonia in mice was established via nasal inhalation of influenza A virus(H1N1/PR8), and intragastric administration began on the day of infection, once a day for 4 days, with the lung tissues collected 24 h later. The pathological changes in lung tissues were evaluated by hematoxy-lin-eosin(HE) staining. The protein expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene-Ⅰ(RIG-Ⅰ) and NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3) in lung tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression of RIG-Ⅰ, interferon regulatory factor 3(IRF3), interferon-beta(IFN-β), NLRP3, cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1(caspase-1), gasdermin D(GSDMD), and interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β) in lung tissues was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR). The protein expression of RIG-Ⅰ, IRF3, phosphorylated IRF3(p-IRF3), IFN-β, NLRP3, caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD(ASC) and IL-1β in lung tissues was determined by Western blot. The results showed that, when compared with the virus-infected group, VTME intervention significantly alleviated pathological injury in the lung tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that VTME markedly reduced the protein expression of RIG-Ⅰ and NLRP3 in the lung tissue. Additionally, qRT-PCR and Western blot experiments indicated that VTME intervention significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of RIG-Ⅰ, IRF3, and IFN-β, decreased the mRNA expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, and IL-1β, and simultaneously reduced the protein expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC, and IL-1β. Collectively, the mechanism of VTME on influenza virus-infected mice may be related to the regulation of innate immune response through inhibiting the expression of related genes and proteins in the RIG-Ⅰ signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1089K]

  • Mechanism study on regulation of maternal-fetal immune balance in treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion by Wenyang Jianpi Formula targeting CREB/TLRs/Th17/Treg axis

    JI Li;WAN Qian-qian;ZHAO Gui-shuang;JIANG Li-juan;Department of Reproductive Medicine,Lu′an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Anhui University of Chinese Medicine;Gynecology Department,the First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine;Yongsheng County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine;

    This study aims to investigate the molecular targets of the Wenyang Jianpi Formula in treating recurrent spontaneous abortion(RSA) and its regulatory mechanisms on maternal-fetal immune balance. An RSA model was established using CBA/J×DBA/2 mice, which were randomly assigned to the model group, low-dose(10.14 g·kg~(-1)), medium-dose(20.28 g·kg~(-1)), high-dose(40.56 g·kg~(-1)) Wenyang Jianpi Formula groups, and a normal control group(n=10 per group). In vivo results demonstrated that, compared with the model group, the high-dose Wenyang Jianpi Formula group significantly reduced embryo resorption rate(P<0.01) and effectively suppressed the abnormal overexpression of the transcription factor cAMP-response element-binding protein(CREB) in peripheral blood and decidual tissue(P<0.01), suggesting CREB may be a key target for the formula′s action. In vitro experiments utilizing CREB overexpression/knockdown cell models revealed that serum containing the formula significantly inhibited excessive activation of key molecules of the Toll-like receptors(TLRs) signaling pathway [TLR2/4/7/9, myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88), nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs)](P<0.05). Concurrently, it effectively corrected the imbalance between T helper 17 cells(Th17) and regulatory T cells(Treg), thereby significantly reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-17A(IL-17A), IL-23, and IL-6, while significantly increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) and IL-10(all P<0.01). Genetic intervention experiments further demonstrated that CREB overexpression enhanced TLR pathway activity(P<0.05) and exacerbated Th17/Treg imbalance. Conversely, interfering with CREB expression reversed these abnormal effects(all P<0.05). In summary, this study provides multi-level in vivo and in vitro evidence that the Wenyang Jianpi Formula blocks abnormal activation of the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathway by targeting CREB downregulation, thereby regulating Th17/Treg immune balance. This improves the maternal-fetal interface immune microenvironment, offering novel experimental support and potential therapeutic targets for TCM-based immunomodulatory treatment of RSA.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1029K]

  • Study on mechanism of Jiedu Huxin Formula protecting against heart failure caused by hypertension by regulating TGF-β1/p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway based on network pharmacology and experimental validation

    HE Jia-le;XU Jiang-lin;YUE Jian-wei;DAO Li-gen;ZHAO Jiang-feng;YANG Zhi;WANG Jun;WANG Xiao;WANG Wei;LI Chun;School of Basic Medical Sciences,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine;Chinese Medicine Guangdong Laboratory;Institute of Syndrome and Formula,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine;Department of Cardiology,Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Inner Mongolia Hypertension Research Institute,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College;

    Using data mining methods, this study analyzed and summarized the medication patterns and detoxification therapies employed in TCM for treating heart failure caused by hypertension(hypertensive heart failure). It optimized the detoxifying herbs in the Qishen Granule to formulate a Jiedu Huxin Formula for treating hypertensive heart failure. The mechanism of action of this formula was explored through network pharmacology and experimental validation. Relevant literature on TCM treatment for hypertensive heart failure was retrieved from databases including CNKI, Wanfang Med Online, VIP, and the SinoMed. After screening, a TCM prescription database was constructed. Medication patterns were analyzed and summarized using frequency analysis, association rules, and cluster analysis. A C57BL/6J mouse heart failure model was established using the transverse aortic constriction(TAC) method. The mice were divided into the following groups: sham-operated group, model group, low-dose Jiedu Huxin Formula group(1.3 g·kg~(-1)), high-dose Jiedu Huxin Formula group(5.2 g·kg~(-1)), and captopril group(3.25 mg·kg~(-1)). After 4 weeks of continuous administration, echocardiography measured the following parameters in each group: left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening(LVFS), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(LVIDd), left ventricular end-systolic diameter(LVIDs), left ventricular end-diastolic volume(LVEDV), and left ventricular end-systolic volume(LVESV). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to measure serum levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin I(cTn-I). Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe myocardial pathological damage, Masson′s trichrome staining to assess myocardial fibrosis severity, and WGA staining to evaluate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR) was employed to detect mRNA expression levels of interleukin(IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α). Western blot analysis was performed to detect the protein expression of transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK), p-p38 MAPK, nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB), Collagen Ⅰ, TNF-α, and IL-6. The results showed that a total of 70 relevant literature sources were included, yielding 52 selected prescriptions comprising 106 TCM with a total of 509 instances of medication use. Association rule analysis and cluster analysis were performed to identify core medicine combinations. Based on data mining results, Leonuri Herba replaced Scrophulariae Radix in the Qishen Granule to form an optimized formula for treating hypertensive heart failure——the Jiedu Huxin Formula. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that the Jiedu Huxin formula involved 171 active components and 232 potential targets for treating hypertensive heart failure. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis showed enrichment in pathways including cancer, MAPK signaling, diabetic complications involving advanced glycation end products(AGE) and their receptors(RAGE), and calcium signaling. Animal experimental results indicated that compared with the model group, low-and high-dose Jiedu Huxin Formula groups significantly increased LVEF and LVFS in model mice, reduced LVIDd, LVIDs, LVEDV, and LVESV, decreased NT-proBNP and cTn-I levels, reduced the percentage of myocardial collagen volume, decreased the mean cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes, lowered mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, and reduced protein ratios of TGF-β1, p-p38 MAPK, NF-κB, Collagen Ⅰ, TNF-α, and IL-6. The Jiedu Huxin Formula may exert its cardioprotective effects in stress-induced heart failure mice by regulating myocardial fibrosis levels through inhibition of the TGF-β1/p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1242K]

  • Elucidation of pharmacodynamic material basis and in vivo metabolites of Longqing Capsules using UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS technique

    ZHANG Mi-chan;LEI Yu-fei;WU Jun;HUANG Jia-yu;TANG Lei;LI Li;School of Pharmaceutical Science,Guizhou Medical University;State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guizhou Medical University;Guizhou Long-Range Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.;

    The UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS technique was employed to investigate the pharmacodynamic material basis of Longqing Capsules and their metabolites in rats, as well as to infer potential metabolic pathways. The contents of Longqing Capsules were prepared into test solutions and administration suspensions for Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats, respectively. After intragastric administration, plasma, urine, and fecal samples were collected at different time points for analysis. Mass spectrometry data were extracted and analyzed by Compound Discoverer 3.3 and Xcalibur 4.1 software. Based on the accurate mass-to-charge ratio, characteristic secondary fragments, reference standards and relevant literature, 128 compounds were identified in Longqing Capsules, including 42 alkaloids, 36 terpenoids, 19 organic acids, 11 flavonoids, 3 acetophenones, 2 limonoids, and 15 other components. Additionally, 144 exogenous compounds were detected in rat plasma, urine, and feces, comprising 61 prototype components and 83 metabolites. The primary metabolic pathways involved oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, methylation, sulfation, glucuronidation, and composite reactions involving multiple reaction types. This study, for the first time, clarifies the material basis of Longqing Capsules and their metabolic characteristics in rats, providing a reference for research on their pharmacodynamic material basis and quality control.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1219K]

  • Clinical study of Total Glucosides of Paeony Capsules for oral lichen planus with Yin-deficiency and internal-heat pattern: efficacy evaluation and analysis of tongue and pulse characteristics

    ZHANG Zhi-hui;TAO Li-yuan;ZHANG Yan;JIA Yan;REN Min;ZHAO Chen;SHI Cheng-he;LIU Yu;Stomatology Department,Peking University Third Hospital;Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology,Peking University Third Hospital;Stomatology Department,Beijing Yanqing District Hospital (Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital);Stomatology Department,Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology;Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences;Traditional

    Oral lichen planus(OLP) is a chronic inflammatory oral mucosal disease with potential malignant transformation risk. Yin-deficiency and internal-heat is a common TCM subtype characterized by a red tongue with thin white coating and a thin and slippery pulse. Although western medical treatments, mainly glucocorticoids, can relieve symptoms to some extent, their efficacy is limited, and recurrence is frequent. This study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of Total Glucosides of Paeony Capsules in treating OLP patients with the Yin-deficiency and internal-heat pattern, and to analyze their tongue and pulse characteristics, providing new clinical evidence for integrative medicine for OLP. A nonrandomized concurrent controlled design was adopted, including 44 patients with the Yin-deficiency and internal-heat pattern of OLP who attended Stomatology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, from July 2020 to March 2023. According to shared decision-making between physicians and patients, they were assigned to control group(treated with dexamethasone gargle) and treatment group(treated with oral Total Glucosides of Paeony Capsules), with 22 patients in each group. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated using lesion scoring, visual analogue scale(VAS) scores, and overall effective rate, and follow-up was conducted at baseline, 2 weeks, and 6 months after treatment. The results showed that the VAS scores in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group at the 6 months follow-up(P=0.004), and the overall effective rate of the treatment group(81.82%) was significantly higher than that of the control group(45.45%)(P=0.01). Tongue and pulse analysis indicated that red tongue with thin white coating(13.63%), red-tipped tongue with thin white coating(11.36%), thin and slippery pulse(59.10%) were typical manifestations of the Yin-deficiency and internal-heat pattern in OLP. In addition, no serious adverse reactions were observed during treatment, and Total Glucosides of Paeony Capsules showed good safety during long-term use. These results suggest that Total Glucosides of Paeony Capsules may provide clinical benefits for patients with OLP of the Yin-deficiency and internal-heat pattern, particularly in pain relief, with a sustained trend of improvement and a favorable safety profile over the 6 months follow-up.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 994K]

  • Analysis of association between HIF-1α gene polymorphism and different syndromes of early cough variant asthma patients and their lung function

    XU Qing;GAO Yin;ZHANG Li-hong;XU Bing;Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine;

    This study aims to explore the association between the polymorphism of HIF-1α gene and the susceptibility to early cough variant asthma(CVA) with Qi deficiency and blood stasis, lung and spleen Qi deficiency, liver fire invading lung, and wind invading lung defense, as well as the lung function. The study selected 120 CVA patients who visited the respiratory department from December 2021 to December 2023 as the research subjects and included them in the case group. According to the classification of TCM syndromes, patients in the case group were divided into Qi deficiency and blood stasis group(n=30), lung and spleen Qi deficiency group(n=26), liver fire invading lung group(n=26), and wind invading lung defense group(n=38). Another 60 healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations during the same period were selected as control group. The clinical data of the case group and the control group were compared. The polymorphism of the HIF-1α gene was analyzed. The distribution of the HIF-1α gene in the case group and the control group was compared. The association between the polymorphism of the HIF-1α gene and the risk of CVA occurrence was analyzed. The polymorphism of the HIF-1α gene in different clinical types of patients was analyzed. The association between the polymorphism of the HIF-1α gene and the clinical types and the association between the polymorphism of the HIF-1α gene and the lung function indicators of patients with Qi deficiency and blood stasis were analyzed. The results showed that compared with those in the control group, the HIF-1α level in the case group was significantly higher, and FVC, FEV_1, and FEV_1/FVC levels were significantly lower(P<0.001). In the additive model and dominant model, the polymorphism of the HIF-1α gene(rs11549465, rs11549467 locus) was statistically significant in the association with the risk of CVA occurrence(P<0.05). The distribution frequency of CT and TT genotypes at the rs11549465 locus, the allele T, the GA and AA genotypes at the rs11549467 locus, and the allele A in the Qi deficiency and blood stasis group, the lung and spleen Qi deficiency group, the liver fire invading lung group, and the wind invading lung defense group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). In the additive model and dominant model, the polymorphism of the HIF-1α gene(rs11549465, rs11549467 locus) was statistically significant in the association with the risk of Qi deficiency and blood stasis occurrence(P<0.05). In the additive model and dominant model, the polymorphism of the HIF-1α gene(rs11549465, rs11549467 locus) was statistically significant in the association with the FVC, FEV_1, and FEV_1/FVC of patients with Qi deficiency and blood stasis(P<0.05). The results indicated that the polymorphism of the HIF-1α gene rs11549465 and rs11549467 was closely related to the TCM syndrome classification of early CVA and affected the lung function.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1026K]

  • Evidence mapping analysis of clinical research on TCM for diabetic kidney disease in recent six years

    LI Ran;DONG Peng-tao;GAO Ya-bin;LI Ao-yu;WANG Zheng;Department of Nephrology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine;Nephrology Diagnosis and Treatment Center,the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine;Henan University of Chinese Medicine;Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases by Chinese and Western Medicine;

    The study employed an evidence mapping approach to systematically review clinical research on TCM for diabetic kidney disease(DKD) over the past six years and evaluate the current state of evidence, aiming to provide a scientific basis and decision reference for current gaps and future research directions. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across databases including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase, and Cochrane Library, yielding 310 publications related to TCM treatment of DKD. These included 289 randomized controlled trials(RCTs), 13 systematic reviews/Meta-analyses, and 8 guidelines/expert consensus documents. The analysis revealed an overall upward trend in publication volume, with oral administration being the predominant intervention method. Treatment durations were typically from two to three months, and sample sizes mostly ranged between 50-100 patients. A total of 30 different TCM decoctions and 39 Chinese patent medicines were investigated, with Shenqi Dihuang Decoction and Yishen Huashi Granules being the most frequently studied. The primary TCM syndrome patterns identified were Qi and Yin deficiency and spleen-kidney deficiency. Outcome indicators predominantly focused on clinical response rates, blood glucose-related indicators, and renal function parameters, with a notable lack of long-term outcome assessments. Methodological quality evaluation indicated significant shortcomings in RCT, particularly in allocation concealment and blinding, resulting in an overall low quality of evidence. Similarly, the systematic reviews/Meta-analyses were rated as "very low". In contrast, the guidelines and expert consensus documents demonstrated relatively acceptable quality, but there was room for further improvement in rigor and clinical application. The findings underscore the need for future research to address these methodological deficiencies, particularly by improving trial design and leveraging TCM advantages, so as to provide a more reliable evidence base for clinical decision-making in DKD prevention and treatment.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1127K]

  • UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS and targeted metabolomics reveal chemical distribution characteristics and main chemical content of Tibetan medicine Liuwei Muxiang Pills

    DUO Jie-ji;LUOSANG Dong-zhi;WANG Chun-yu;PU Mao-cuo;LIU Long-fei;KE Yong-xia;SAN Zhi-jia;ZHU Xiao-lan;RENQING Dong-zhu;Tibetan Medical College,Qinghai University;State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture,Qinghai University;College of Pharmacy,Qinghai Minzu University;School of Computing Technology and Application,Qinghai University;

    This study aims to identify the main chemical components of the Tibetan medicine Liuwei Muxiang Pills(LWMXP) by using mass spectrometry and targeted metabolomics, analyze the distribution characteristics of its main components in the serum and tissue(stomach, small intestine, and liver), and assess their exposure levels in gastric cancer cells. Ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to identify the chemical components in the extract of LWMXP, which were confirmed by matching with the standard database. Then, the same method was used to identify the migratory components in the blood, tissue, and gastric cancer cells of rats after oral administration of LWMXP. Targeted metabolomics of the multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode was employed to determine the content of the main components of LWMXP in the serum, tissue, and gastric cancer cells of rats treated with LWMXP. A total of 1 171 prototype compounds were identified from the extract of LWMXP, including 209 alkaloids, 267 terpenoids, 62 polyketones, 76 amino acids and short peptides, and 379 shikimic acid and phenylpropanoid acid compounds. Meanwhile, 51 prototype compounds were identified in the serum and tissue of rats after administration of LWMXP. Among them, 12 compounds—chlorogenic acid, costunolide, dihydroferuperine, ellagic acid, gallic acid, herculin, hydroprotopine, isoquercitrin, L-valine, piperlongumine, piperine, and protopine—showed distribution in both the serum and tissue. Targeted metabolomics was employed for quantitative analysis on 10 main components. The results showed that gallic acid, piperine, and protopine were all detected in the serum and tissue, while(+)-bicuculline and isoquercitrin were only detected in the gastric tissue. Costunolide presented high distribution in the stomach and small intestine, while ellagic acid was detected in the serum and gastric tissue. Gallic acid, corilagin, kaempferol, ellagic acid, and protopine were detected in gastric cancer cells. The findings provide a scientific basis for comprehensive analysis of the pharmacodynamic substance basis, quality standard improvement, and mechanism elucidation of LWMXP.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1104K]

  • Safety grading of Chinese patent medicines (including injections) during pregnancy

    GU Zhi-rong;CHEN Hong-ning;QIAN Qian;QU Ji-lan;WANG Yu;LU Ya-li;SA Ri-na;ZHANG Shi-ye;HUANG Qing-jie;LI Fu-yun;GE Bin;ZHANG Bing;YANG Shou-yuan;Department of Pharmacy,Gansu Provincial Hospital;Qihuang Scholar ZHANG Bing Studio,Gansu Provincial Hospital;College of Pharmacy,Gansu University of Chinese Medicine;Department of Pharmacy,Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Department of Pharmacy,Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine;School of Chinese Materia

    At present, China has no autonomous safety classification for medication use during pregnancy, and there is even no safety classification or related information for Chinese patent medicines(including injections) used during pregnancy, leaving clinical use of Chinese patent medicines in pregnant patients without evidence-based guidance. This study used literature reports on the use of TCM during pregnancy from ancient to modern times, both in China and abroad, as basic source materials. These included records from ancient herbal and medical classics as well as modern research results(including animal experiments, pharmacoepidemiological studies, clinical trials, case reports, and studies on medicinal properties), thereby forming an evidence set. Based on this evidence set, and taking into account the characteristics of TCM along with the pregnancy medication grading standards of the USFDA, an ABCDX safety grading standard for the use of Chinese patent medicines(including injections) during pregnancy was established. More than 270 commonly used Chinese patent medicines(including injections) were graded, producing a grading catalogue along with medication recommendations. Among these, class A Chinese patent medicines may be used during pregnancy at the usual dosage, but medical advice must still be followed. Class B Chinese patent medicines may be used with caution at the usual dosage under the supervision of a physician or pharmacist. Class C Chinese patent medicines may be used cautiously only when the benefits to the pregnant patient outweigh the risks to the fetus, or when no alternative medication is available. Class D Chinese patent medicines may be considered only when the pregnant patient will definitely benefit from their use, when the medication is urgently needed to save the patient′s life, and when no alternative drugs exist. Class X Chinese patent medicines are prohibited for all pregnant patients or patients who may become pregnant. This grading system serves as a valuable supplement to relevant domestic research and can serve as a prescribing reference for physicians and a pharmaceutical service tool for pharmacists. However, it also has certain limitations and needs to be dynamically updated in accordance with newly emerging evidence.

    2026 04 v.51 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1092K]
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