New Issue

  • Research progress on intervention of "inflammation-cancer transformation" of chronic gastritis through regulation of NF-κB-related signaling pathways by traditional Chinese medicine

    ZHUANG Yan;DU Yu-jia;CUI Ming-xuan;MIAO Jun-hao;YU Chun-yue;College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion,First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application;

    Chronic gastritis, a chronic and insidious inflammatory condition of the gastric mucosa, is characterized by nonspecific early symptoms and a high risk of progression to gastric cancer. Persistent inflammatory stimulation accelerates the "inflammation-cancer transformation" by remodeling the microenvironment, and suppressing this process is critical for gastric cancer prevention and treatment. Nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) serves not only as a central hub for inflammatory regulation but also as a key node connecting pathways such as Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4), NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3), mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3), and protein kinase B(AKT). Extensive studies have demonstrated that monomers and herbal formulas in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) can modulate NF-κB-related signaling pathways to mitigate the progression of "inflammation-cancer transformation" of chronic gastritis, achieving multi-level, multi-target intervention in gastric cancer. Based on this, this article systematically reviewed the dynamic network of NF-κB and relevant crosstalk pathways in "inflammation-cancer transformation" and the mechanisms of TCM-based interventions, providing theoretical foundations for optimizing clinical strategies and advancing gastric cancer prevention.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1944K]

  • Traditional Chinese medicine improves glycolipid metabolism disorders caused by high-fat diet via regulating AMPK/FXR/TLR4 signal molecules through gut-liver axis

    ZHANG Ying-jie;SU Yang;WANG Qiu-hong;KUANG Hai-xue;College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine;School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University;

    Long-term abnormal levels of glycolipid metabolism damage the organs, leading to a gradual decline in organ functions. In treating glycolipid metabolism disorders, the gut-liver axis plays a key role and has become a hot research topic. It is worth noting that traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and its active ingredients have been proven to have strong anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory functions in its long history and modern research. Therefore, this paper aims to illustrate the research progress of TCM in effectively improving glycolipid metabolism disorders and alleviating metabolic disease symptoms by regulating the gut-liver axis adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/farnesoid X receptor(FXR)/Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) signal network. Specifically, TCM and its derivatives can improve intestinal barrier function and flora environment, inhibit the production and translocation of harmful secretions in the intestine, and promote the secretion of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) and ceramides, thus regulating key signal molecules AMPK, FXR, and TLR4 of glycolipid metabolism through the gut-liver axis structure. According to research, TCM active ingredients function in two ways. On one hand, ingredients such as baicalin, curcumin, and ginsenosides can regulate the FXR expression and affect the secretion and metabolism of bile acids(BAs) to balance glucose and lipid levels. On the other hand, the ingredients can activate AMPK, inhibit TLR4, and control the secretion of proteins related to lipid and glucose synthesis, such as sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c(SREBP-1c), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor(PPAR), as well as inflammatory factors to regulate glycolipid metabolism. Among them, the activation of AMPK can downregulate the TLR4 expression, and FXR is also subject to the negative feedback effect of AMPK. For the first time, this article discussed that TCM can coordinate the glycolipid metabolism regulation based on the gut-liver axis through the signal network of AMPK, FXR, and TLR4, thereby effectively treating glycolipid metabolism disorders. With unique clinical treatment advantages of small side effects, high safety, and "multiple targets coordinated treatment", TCM is favorable to glycolipid metabolism disorders, providing a new direction to develop new drugs for glycolipid metabolism disorders.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1671K]

  • Research progress in molecular mechanism of programmed cell death in bronchial asthma and traditional Chinese medicine intervention

    LI Meng-yin;SONG Gui-hua;REN Ming-yue;China Pediatrics Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine;School of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine;

    Bronchial asthma(abbreviated as asthma) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, reversible airflow limitation, and chronic inflammation. Its global prevalence keeps rising and the disease burden is increasing. The pathophysiological process of this disease involves the interaction of multiple links, including complex mechanisms such as inflammation-immunity imbalance, abnormal epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and airway remodeling. The abnormal regulation of programmed cell death(PCD) has gradually become a research hotspot. PCD, an autonomous cell death process precisely regulated by genes, is crucial for maintaining homeostasis of the organism. The latest research has revealed that various PCD patterns such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and PANoptosis are involved in the occurrence and development of asthma by mediating pathological processes such as airway inflammatory immune responses and airway remodeling. Breakthrough research progress has been achieved in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) intervention of asthma by targeting PCD via multiple targets and pathways. This article delves into the PCD-related molecular mechanisms in asthma and systematically reviews the mechanisms by which TCM active components(such as terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and quinones) and compound prescriptions(such as Shegan Mahuang Decoction, Jiangqi Pingxiao Formula, and Wuwei Shaji Powder) ameliorate airway inflammation and remodeling by interfering with the PCD pathway, aiming to provide theoretical support and new drug research directions for the clinical prevention and treatment of asthma.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1182K]

  • Research progress on medicinal plants of genus Lindera and their sesquiterpenoids

    GUO Jia-qi;MA Run-chao;SHI Qi;MENG Xiong-yu;QIN Lu-ping;LI Hua-qiang;School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University;

    The genus Lindera, a member of the Lauraceae family, comprises numerous species with broad prospects for medicinal and edible use, and has been widely applied in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Modern studies show that the key constituents of Lindera plants include flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and lignans. Among them, sesquiterpenoids exhibit complex structural diversity and diverse skeletons, as well as a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects, making them crucial bioactive compounds of this genus. This paper systematically examined the herbal authentication of medicinal Lindera species and reviewed 165 sesquiterpenoids that have been isolated to date, together with their pharmacological activities. These findings highlight the significant potential of sesquiterpenoids in drug discovery and development, offering valuable insights for the optimal utilization and sustainable development of Lindera plant resources.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2450K]

  • Geographical origin discrimination of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex based on hyperspectral imaging technology

    HU Jia-qi;XUE Zhen-zhen;WANG You-you;ZHOU Cong;YANG Jian;YANG Bin;State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences;Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences;National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences;

    As a commonly used bark medicinal material in clinical practice, Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(MOC) is widely distributed across different production areas, with noticeable quality differences among origins. However, it is difficult to determine its origin based solely on macroscopic characteristics. In this study, MOC samples(stem bark collected above 1 m from trees aged 15-25 years, shade-dried) from 26 production areas in 8 provinces were selected as research objects. Hyperspectral data of the outer surface, cross-section, and inner surface were collected, and six preprocessing algorithms were applied for spectral denoising. Partial least squares discriminant analysis, support vector machine, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting were then employed to construct provincial-scale origin discrimination models of MOC. Prediction accuracy was used as the evaluation index to screen the optimal model, and classification performance was assessed using confusion matrices. The results showed that, among models established with single-surface hyperspectral data, the optimal model was built with full-band inner-surface data preprocessed by first derivative and modeled with random forest. Among dual-surface combinations, the optimal model was established with full-band "inner surface + cross-section" data preprocessed by first derivative and modeled with random forest. The prediction accuracies of these two models were comparable, 95.68%(inner surface) and 95.99%(inner surface + cross-section), slightly lower than that of the three-surface combination model( "inner surface + cross-section + outer surface", 97.22%). To eliminate redundant hyperspectral information and improve modeling efficiency, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, successive projection algorithm, and uninformative variable elimination were applied to extract characteristic wavelengths from the inner surface dataset and the three-surface combination dataset. The results indicated that the prediction accuracy of the inner-surface characteristic wavelength model was 94.14%, slightly lower than that of the full-band model, while that of the three-surface combination characteristic wavelength model reached 97.53%, comparable to the full-band model. This study provides a rapid and effective discrimination model for determining the origin of MOC, as well as experimental evidence for constructing models based on characteristic wavelengths.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1966K]

  • Functional identification and analysis of Ad4CL1 gene from Angelica dahurica var. formosana

    LIU Ya-nan;LIU Jia-wen;JIANG Yi-jie;NONG Chang-guo;ZHANG Yun-xin;CHEN Yin-yin;WU Wei;College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University;

    4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase(4CL) is a key rate-limiting enzyme regulating the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in plants. It catalyzes the conversion of hydroxycinnamic acids into coenzyme A thioesters, providing precursors for the synthesis of secondary metabolites such as lignin, coumarins, and flavonoids. This study investigated the enzymatic characteristics and expression profile of Ad4CL1 in Angelica dahurica var. formosana, aiming to provide targets for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of coumarin biosynthesis and stress-resistance breeding. Using the cultivated variety "Chuanzhi No. 2" of A. dahurica(Apiaceae) as material, the Ad4CL1 gene(cDNA full length 1 632 bp) was cloned, encoding 534 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the Ad4CL1 protein has a molecular weight of ～59.55 kDa, an isoelectric point(pI) of 5.54, and consists of 50.28% random coil, 30.02% α-helix, and 19.71% extended chain, without transmembrane domains or signal peptides. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Ad4CL1 is most closely related to A. sinensis 4CL. A prokaryotic expression system successfully induced soluble Ad4CL1 protein. Enzyme kinetic analysis confirmed that Ad4CL1 catalyzes the conversion of p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid into the corresponding coenzyme A thioesters. With these substrates, the optimal catalytic pH of Ad4CL1 protein was 7.0, and the optimal catalytic temperatures were 45 ℃ for p-coumaric acid and 40 ℃ for caffeic acid, with significantly higher affinity for p-coumaric acid than for caffeic acid. The results of qRT-PCR analysis revealed that Ad4CL1 expression in roots was significantly higher than that in leaves(2.94-fold, P<0.000 1), and its expression was dynamically regulated under abiotic stresses: flooding and shading significantly inhibited expression; salt stress promoted upregulation at later stages; and drought first suppressed expression and later induced upregulation. In conclusion, this study functionally identified the Ad4CL1 gene in A. dahurica var. formosana for the first time. Ad4CL1 exhibits substrate-specific catalytic activity, and its expression is dynamically regulated by tissue development and abiotic stress.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1446K]

  • Equivalence and mechanism of standard decoction and formula granules of calcined oyster in treatment of rats with ethanol-induced gastric ulcers based on serum metabolomics

    LIU Yan-chang;ZENG Zhi-hao;XIAO Guan-lin;JIANG Jie-yi;LI Yang-xue;LI Su-mei;BI Xiao-li;the Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine;Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine;

    An ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model was replicated to investigate the equivalence and metabolic regulatory mechanisms of formula granules and standard decoction of calcined oyster by using metabolomics. The ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model was established, and the dose-effect curve was fitted with the ulcer inhibition rate as the effect to compare the equal-effect dose(DEE) and equal-dose effect(EED) of standard decoction and formula granules of calcined oyster. The formula granule group and standard decoction group with the equivalent effect were selected for further pharmacodynamic index detection, and metabolomics analysis was performed on the serum to explore the metabolic regulation mechanism of formula granules and standard decoction of calcined oyster. According to the dose-effect curve equation, the DEE and EED of formula granules and standard decoction were calculated. Formula granules and standard decoction of calcined oyster could improve the body′s oxidative stress and inflammatory factor level, increase the level of protective factors, and treat ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. Serum metabolomics analysis showed that formula granules and standard decoction of calcined oyster mainly treated ethanol-induced gastric ulcers through eight potential metabolic pathways, and the metabolic regulation of standard decoction and formula granules on gastric ulcer was different. Within the corresponding effective range, 1 g·kg~(-1) standard decoction was pharmacologically equivalent to 1.07 g·kg~(-1) formula granules in treating ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. Formula granules and standard decoction of calcined oyster mainly treat ethanol-induced gastric ulcers by regulating metabolic disorders in pathways such as primary bile acid biosynthesis.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2164K]

  • Diterpenoids from leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora and their anti-inflammatory activities

    HU Kang-ping;LU Jin-lei;LIU Yu-juan;SONG Xin-ming;YU Zhang-xin;CHEN Guang-ying;Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University;Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University;Hainan Provincial International Joint Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Efficient Conversion of Tropical Medicinal Resources;

    The chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activities of the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora were investigated using various chromatographic separation methods. Eight diterpenoids were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract and identified by MS and NMR data analysis as calnudiflopene A(1),(5S,9S,10S,12S,13R)-3,4-seco-12,13-dihydroxy-4(18),8(17),14(15)-labdatrien-3-oic acid(2), 3,4-seco-12R,13S-dihydroxy-4(18),8(17),14(15)-labdatrien-3-oic acid(3), nudiflopene B_1(4), nudifloid F(5),(5S,9S,10S)-3,4-seco-16-carbonyl-15,16-epoxy-4(18),8(17),11(E),13(14)-labdatetraen-3-oic acid(nudiflopene G_1)(6), callicarpaolide(7), and 7α-hydroxysandaracopimaric acid(8). Among them, compound 1 is a new 3,4-seco-labdane diterpenoid, in which a linear monoterpenoid is ester-linked to compound 2. Compound 2 was obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of compound 1, and its absolute configuration was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, thereby establishing the absolute configuration of compound 1. The anti-inflammatory activities of all compounds were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Compounds 1 and 5 exhibited certain activity, with IC_(50) values of(22.8±0.52) and(31.2±0.85) μmol·L~(-1), respectively.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1389K]

  • Chemical constituents of leaves of Diospyros kaki (Ⅲ)

    QIAO Jin-wei;ZHANG Wei;HUANG Shun-wang;XU Feng-qing;ZUO Ya-feng;WU De-ling;Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine;Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine;Hefei Innovative Medical Technology Co., Ltd.;Bozhou University;

    Diospyros kaki leaves were separated and purified using various chromatographic methods, including polyamide chromatography, microporous resin(MCI) chromatography, C_(18) reversed-phase chromatography, and silica gel column chromatography. The isolated compounds were identified through spectral data analysis and comparison with literature. Ten monomeric compounds were obtained from D. kaki leaves:(Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→3)-(4-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(1), benzyl 2-O-β-glucopyranosyl-2,6-dihydroxybenzoate(2), ligurobustoside C(3), eugenol-O-β-glucopyranoside(4), osmanthuside B_6(5), β-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-6-O-cis-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranpside(6), eugenol-β-rutinoside(7), amarusine A(8), osmanthuside D(9), and osmanthuside B(10). Among them, compound 1 is a new compound, while compounds 2-10 were isolated from this plant for the first time. The antioxidant activities of the compounds were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, with water-soluble vitamin E as the positive control. The IC_(50) values of compounds 2, 3, and 5 for ABTS radical scavenging were 8.2, 5.7, and 9.9 μg·mL~(-1), respectively, which were comparable to that of the positive control(5.9 μg·mL~(-1)), indicating that compounds 2, 3, and 5 possess strong antioxidant activity.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1204K]

  • Differential metabolites in Ardisiae Radix from different sources based on widely targeted metabolomics

    CAO Jiang-song;LIU Chang;WANG Xin-yue;LIU Xiong-wei;YANG De-mei;NIU Meng-wei;ZHOU Ying;School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Creation;

    This study revealed the differences in metabolites and metabolic pathways among three botanical sources of Ardisiae Radix(Ardisia crenata, A. crenata var. bicolor, and A. crispa), and elucidated the material basis of Ardisiae Radix from different sources. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) was used to detect the secondary metabolites of the three sources, and principal component analysis(PCA) together with orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) was applied to screen differential metabolites and conduct enrichment analysis. A total of 504 secondary metabolites were identified, including 152 flavonoids, 163 phenolic acids, 59 alkaloids, 45 terpenoids, 45 lignans and coumarins, 11 quinones, 4 tannins, and 25 other compounds. The mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids were analyzed. Differential analysis showed that 143 metabolites differed significantly among the three sources. Key differential metabolites such as epigallocatechin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside, were highly expressed in A. crenata and A. crenata var. bicolor, mainly enriched in flavonoids, flavonols, and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. In contrast, metabolites such as 1-O-caffeoyl-β-D-glucose and methyl gallate were highly expressed in A. crispa, mainly enriched in bisphenol degradation pathways, showing marked differences from A. crenata and A. crenata var. bicolor. Based on widely targeted metabolomics, this study systematically revealed the composition and differences of metabolites in the three botanical sources of Ardisiae Radix. The results provide a theoretical foundation for quality differentiation and functional metabolite discovery, and offer a scientific basis for the precise selection of botanical sources in clinical applications of Ardisiae Radix as a traditional Chinese medicine material.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 5157K]

  • Mechanisms of Qibai Pingfei Capsules in inhibiting pyroptosis of pulmonaryartery adventitial fibroblasts via regulating NLRP3/Caspase-1/ GSDMD pathway to intervene in COPD complicated by pulmonary arterial hypertension

    TONG Xiang-li;ZHANG Lu;ZHU Jie;TONG Jia-bing;YANG Cheng;WANG Xiao-le;LI Ze-geng;the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine;Anhui University of Chinese Medicine;the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine;

    This study investigated the mechanisms by which Qibai Pingfei Capsules(QBPF) intervene in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) complicated by pulmonary hypertension(PH) through regulating the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)/Caspase-1/gasdermin D(GSDMD) pathway to inhibit pyroptosis of pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts(PAAFs). A COPD-PH rat model was established using a combined protocol of forced swimming, passive smoking, and hypoxic exposure. Rats were divided into five groups(n=15 each), i.e., control, model, QBPF, QBPF + nigericin(NLRP3 activator), and simvastatin groups. After 4 weeks of continuous intervention, lung function was assessed. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure(mPAP) was measured by right heart catheterization. Hearts were weighed to calculate right ventricular hypertrophy index(RVHI). Serum inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were measured by ELISA. Lung histopathological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect protein expression and localization of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein(ASC), Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 in lung tissues. Immunofluorescence examined co-localization of Vimentin(a PAAFs marker) and GSDMD. Ultrastructural changes of PAAFs were observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Results showed that QBPF treatment delayed the decline of FEV0.3, FVC, and FEV0.3/FVC in COPD-PH rats, reduced mPAP, RVHI, and serum levels of IL-8, IL-18, and TNF-α, improved emphysema, pulmonary arterial wall thickening, and inflammatory cell infiltration, decreased expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 proteins in lung tissue and pulmonary artery adventitia, and inhibited pyroptosis of PAAFs. The NLRP3 activator nigericin antagonized the inhibitory effects of QBPF on pyroptosis-related protein expression and PAAF pyroptosis. In conclusion, QBPF attenuates lung function decline, suppresses inflammatory responses, alleviates pulmonary vascular remodeling, and intervenes in the disease progression of COPD complicated by PH in rats. Its mechanisms may be related to modulating the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway to inhibit PAAF pyroptosis.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 3823K]

  • Mechanism of Huanglian Wendan Decoction in ameliorating feeding imbalance induced by olanzapine in mice based on NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation and leptin resistance

    WU Shan-shan;ZHANG Yu-le;YANG Yue;LI Yi-yao;NIE Fa-yi;Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine;Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research on TCM Physical Constitution and Diseases Prevention and Treatment;Institute for Chinese Medicine Frontier Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine;Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy;

    This study aims to investigate the mechanism of Huanglian Wendan Decoction(HLWDD) in ameliorating the feeding imbalance induced by olanzapine in mice. Female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a blank group, a model group(olanzapine, 3 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), HLWDD groups(24, 12, and 6 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1), respectively), and a metformin group(300 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)). The model group was orally administered olanzapine for five weeks, while the HLWDD group was simultaneously given the corresponding dose of HLWDD via gavage. Body weight and food intake were monitored regularly during the administration period. Serum leptin, interleukin-1β(IL-1β), and interleukin-18(IL-18) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to measure the expression of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin(POMC), proto-oncogene c-FOS, and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(p-STAT3), and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were performed to quantify the expression of neuropeptide Y(NPY), POMC, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3(SOCS3), leptin receptor(LEPR), NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein(ASC), N-terminal fragment of gasdermin D(GSDMD-N), cleaved caspase-1, and IL-1β. The results showed that compared with the blank group, the model group showed significantly increased body weight, cumulative food intake, and levels of serum leptin, IL-1β, and IL-18. Besides, the model group showed a significantly increased degree of leptin resistance in mice, as evidenced by significantly increased food intake and significantly decreased p-STAT3~+ and POMC~+/c-FOS~+cell ratio in the arcuate nucleus 24 hours after leptin injection. Compared with those of the model group, the body weight, cumulative food intake, and serum leptin, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels, as well as leptin resistance showed varying degrees of decrease in the HLWDD groups at all doses and the metformin group, with the most significant differences observed in the high-dose HLWDD and metformin groups. mRNA and protein detection showed significantly elevated expression of NPY, SOCS3, NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD-N, and IL-1β, as well as significantly reduced protein expression of POMC and LEPR in the arcuate nucleus of the model group compared with those of the control group. Conversely, compared with those of the model group, the expression of NPY, SOCS3, NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD-N, and IL-1β was significantly downregulated, and the expression of POMC and LEPR was significantly upregulated in the medium-and high-dose HLWDD groups and the metformin group. These results collectively indicate that HLWDD ameliorates olanzapine-induced feeding dysregulation by mitigating leptin resistance through suppression of NLRP3-driven neuroinflammatory pathways in the arcuate nucleus.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2055K]

  • Mechanistic study of Maiguan Fukang Tablets against atherosclerosis based on UHPLC-QE-MS, network pharmacology, and animal experiments

    PENG Yu-xuan;LI Hong-zheng;YANG Wen-wen;LIAO Fei-fei;QU Hua;LONG Lin-zi;FU Chang-geng;Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences;Guang′anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences;Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine;

    This study aims to investigate the anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of Maiguan Fukang Tablets(MGFK) by integrating ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLC-QE-MS), network pharmacology, and animal experiments. UHPLC-QE-MS identified 131 compounds in MGFK. Network pharmacology databases were utilized to retrieve drug targets and disease-related targets, and a "component-target-disease" network was constructed, yielding 418 overlapping potential therapeutic targets. These targets were further analyzed via protein-protein interaction(PPI) network, Gene Ontology(GO) enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment, which revealed significant associations primarily with inflammatory response, negative regulation of apoptotic process, and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT) signaling pathway. Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding affinities between protein kinase B1(AKT1) and core active compounds including luteolin, liquiritigenin, apigenin, and kaempferol. An atherosclerosis(AS) model was established in ApoE~(-/-) mice by feeding a high-fat diet for 14 weeks, and mice were randomly divided into a model group, MGFK high-dose group, MGFK low-dose group, and atorvastatin group. Experimental results confirmed that MGFK significantly reduced aortic plaque area, decreased lipid and foam cell proportion within plaques, lowered serum total cholesterol(TC), and reduced the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin(IL)-1β, and IL-6. Furthermore, MGFK decreased the apoptosis rate within plaques, upregulated B-cell lymphoma-2(BCL-2) expression, downregulated BCL-2-associated X protein(BAX) and cleaved caspase-3, and promoted the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. These findings suggest that MGFK exerts anti-atherosclerotic effects potentially by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby reducing apoptosis within plaques, lowering levels of inflammatory cytokines and blood lipids, and attenuating plaque size, lipid content, and foam cell formation.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 3012K]

  • Mechanism study on anti-hyperuricemic effects of Zhejiang Plantaginis Semen glycosides based on metabolomics and metagenomics

    WU Dan;NIU Jing-jie;HU Jian-ping;WANG Hao;KUANG Hai-xue;Medical College, Quzhou College of Technology;School of Chinese Materia Medica,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine;Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Northern Medicine,Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine;

    A rat model of hyperuricemia was established using potassium oxonate, hypoxanthine, and adenine. The anti-hyperuricemic mechanisms of Zhejiang Plantaginis Semen glycosides(ZPG) were subsequently explored utilizing metabolomics and metagenomics approaches. Forty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, model, benzbromarone(20 mg·kg~(-1)), low-dose ZPG(100 mg·kg~(-1)), and high-dose ZPG(400 mg·kg~(-1)), with 8 rats in each group. Hyperuricemia was induced by continuous intragastric administration of potassium oxonate(200 mg·kg~(-1)), hypoxanthine(500 mg·kg~(-1)), and adenine(50 mg·kg~(-1)) for 21 days, while drug treatment was administered simultaneously. Serum and liver tissues were collected to measure the levels of uric acid(UA), creatinine(Cr), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), and xanthine oxidase(XOD). Renal tissues were subjected to histopathological examination. Additionally, untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed on serum samples, and fecal metagenomics sequencing was conducted to analyze the composition of the gut microbiota. The results showed that ZPG effectively reduced the levels of serum UA, Cr, and BUN in hyperuricemic rats, inhibited XOD activity in both serum and liver, alleviated renal pathological damage, and mitigated inflammatory responses. Metabolomics analysis identified 16 differential metabolites, mainly involved in lipid metabolism, purine metabolism, and amino acid metabolism pathways. The results of fecal metagenomics analysis revealed that ZPG restored the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio and increased the relative abundance of probiotics such as Lactobacillus＿johnsonii, Limosilactobacillus＿reuteri, and Ligilactobacillus＿murinus. In summary, ZPG effectively reduces serum UA levels, improves renal injury, and attenuates inflammatory symptoms in hyperuricemic rats. These effects may be attributed to its inhibition of XOD activity, correction of inflammatory lipid metabolism abnormalities, regulation of disordered purine metabolism, and modulation of gut microbiota structure.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2792K]

  • Mechanism of Shuangshen Yiwei Granules in regulating gastric acid secretion and blocking malignant progression of chronic atrophic gastritis with gastric intestinal metaplasia

    WANG Yan-min;YU Yu-ling;WANG Si-qi;SUN Ya-teng;YAN Yong-huang;YANG Xin-yu;HAN Si-qi;SONG Yu-hong;WANG Yu-han;WANG Yun-he;ZHANG Cai;SU Ze-qi;School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine;School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine;Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine;Key Laboratory of Famous Doctors and Famous Prescriptions of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine

    This study aims to explore the mechanism of Shuangshen Yiwei Granules, an empirical prescription developed by Professor LU Zhi-zheng(a master of TCM), in regulating gastric acid secretion and impeding malignant progression of chronic atrophic gastritis with gastric intestinal metaplasia(GIM). Seventy-two specific-pathogen free(SPF) Wistar male rats were randomly divided into a normal group and a modeling group. GIM model rats were established by a four-factor GIM induction protocol involving "N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG), ranitidine, irregular feeding, and sodium salicylate". After successful modeling, the rats in the modeling group were further divided into a model group, a positive control(Moluodan), and a Shuangshen Yiwei Granules group, with 12 rats in each group. Each group was continuously intervened for eight weeks. General conditions were observed, and pathological changes in the gastric mucosa were evaluated via hematoxylin-eosin staining. Serum pepsinogen Ⅰ(PGⅠ), pepsinogen Ⅱ(PGⅡ), and gastrin-17(G-17) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Parietal cell ultrastructure was analyzed via transmission electron microscopy. The apoptosis of gastric glandular cells was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) staining. Gastric pH was measured with precision test strips. The expression of apoptosis pathway-related proteins Janus kinase 2(JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1(TNFR1)/cysteine-aspartic acid protease-8(caspase-8) and acid secretion-related proteins cyclin dependent kinase 5(CDK5)/soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors(SNAREs) in gastric mucosal tissue were detected by Western blot. Compared to the normal group, the model group exhibited lethargy in mental state, pale eyes/ears/claws/tongue, tail desquamation, glandular atrophy of the gastric mucosa with disordered arrangement, and tumor-like structures, significantly reduced PGⅠ, PGⅠ/PGⅡ ratio, and G-17(P<0.01), significantly elevated PGⅡ(P<0.01), parietal cell nuclear condensation, loss and abnormal structures of mitochondria, significantly increased gastric glandular apoptosis(P<0.01), and significantly elevated gastric pH(P<0.01). The levels of p-JAK2/JAK2, p-STAT3/STAT3, B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2)-associated X protein(Bax)/Bcl-2, TNFR1, TNFR1 associated via death domain(TRADD), Fas-associated death domain(FADD), and cleaved caspase-8/caspase-8 significantly increased(P<0.05, P<0.01), while histamine receptor H_2(HRH_2), CDK5, syntaxin 3(STX3), and synaptosome associated protein 25(SNAP25) significantly decreased(P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the Shuangshen Yiwei Granules group exhibited alleviated mental state, general conditions, and pathological features of the gastric mucosa, significantly upregulated PGⅠ, PGⅠ/PGⅡ ratio, and G-17(P<0.05, P<0.01), significantly downregulated PGⅡ(P<0.01), ameliorated parietal cell ultrastructure to varying degrees, significantly reduced gastric glandular apoptosis(P<0.01), significantly lowered gastric pH(P<0.01), significantly decreased expression of p-JAK2/JAK2, p-STAT3/STAT3, Bax/Bcl-2, TNFR1, TRADD, FADD, and cleaved caspase-8/caspase-8(P<0.05, P<0.01), and significantly increased expression of HRH_2, CDK5, STX3, and SNAP25(P<0.05). To sum up, Shuangshen Yiwei Granules potentially inhibit JAK2/STAT3 and TNFR1/caspase-8 signaling pathways to suppress gastric glandular apoptosis while activating CDK5/SNAREs to enhance parietal cell acid secretion, thereby restoring gastric acid homeostasis and blocking GIM progression.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 3475K]

  • Mechanism of naringin in ameliorating lipid-bone metabolism disorders in postmenopausal osteoporotic rats via activation of FXR/FGF19 pathway

    ZHANG Xin;XU Yun-teng;CHEN Xi;ZHOU Jia-le;LIN Hang-yan;WANG Shan-shan;LI Xi-hai;School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine-Shenzhen Hospital;School of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Key Laboratory of Orthopedics & Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Rehabilitation of Ministry of Education, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;

    This study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of naringin on anti-osteoporosis by regulating lipid-bone balance. Thirty healthy female SD rats(8-week-old, SPF grade) were selected and randomly divided into a sham group, an ovariectomy group, and a naringin group. Except for the sham group, postmenopausal osteoporosis models were established for both the ovariectomy group and the naringin group by removing bilateral ovaries. Rats in the naringin group were given a naringin suspension at a dose of 100 mg·kg~(-1), while those in sham and ovariectomy groups were administered an equivalent volume of saline. Following the treatment once daily for 12 weeks, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the changes in the content of serum estradiol(E_2) and bone metabolism biomarkers, including procollagen type Ⅰ N-terminal propeptide(PINP), osteocalcin(OC), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5(TRACP5). Micro-CT analysis was performed to assess structural alterations in the femoral trabeculae of rats and analyze morphometric parameters of the bone. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) and Masson staining were used to observe the histopathological changes in the bone tissue. Western blot was employed to analyze the protein expression level of osteogenesis-and adipogenesis-related factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ), lipoprotein lipase(LPL), RUNT-related transcription factor 2(RUNX2), osterix(OSX), farnesoid X receptor(FXR), and fibroblast growth factor 19(FGF19). Additionally, immunohistochemistry was employed to evaluate the expression of key metabolic pathway proteins FXR and FGF19. After 12-week treatment, compared with the sham group, the ovariectomy group exhibited a significantly reduced level of serum E_2, PINP, and OC, alongside significantly elevated TRACP5. Compared with the ovariectomy group, the levels of serum E_2, PINP, and OC in the naringin group were significantly increased, while the level of TRACP5 was significantly decreased. Compared with the sham group, the ovariectomy group exhibited a decrease in trabecular number and continuity, sparse and disorganized arrangements, and partial formation of voids. The group also showed decreased bone mineral density(BMD), bone volume fraction(BV/TV), trabecular number(Tb.N), and trabecular thickness(Tb.Th), coupled with increased trabecular separation(Tb.Sp). Compared with the ovariectomy group, naringin intervention resulted in improved bone microarchitecture, characterized by increased trabecular number and continuity, more compact arrangements, and a significant reduction in voids. Quantitatively, this was reflected in elevated levels of BMD, BV/TV, Tb.N, and Tb.Th, alongside a significant decrease in Tb.Sp. Under light microscopy, fragmented trabeculae, uneven collagen staining, disorganized arrangements, and an expanded number and size of marrow adipocyte vacuoles were observed in the ovariectomy group, whereas naringin administration attenuated these pathological alterations. Compared with the sham group, the ovariectomy group showed a significant increase in the expression of adipogenic proteins PPARγ and LPL, alongside significant decreases in the expression of osteogenic proteins(RUNX2 and OSX) and of FXR and FGF19 proteins. In contrast, the naringin group exhibited a reversal of these trends compared to the ovariectomy group, with decreased PPARγ and LPL expression and increased RUNX2, OSX, FXR, and FGF19 expression. These findings demonstrate that naringin modulates lipid-bone metabolism homeostasis in postmenopausal osteoporotic rats, ameliorating trabecular microstructure and attenuating bone marrow adipogenesis, with its therapeutic effects mechanistically linked to the FXR/FGF19 signaling pathway.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2366K]

  • Anti-depressant mechanism of Bupleuri Radix in regulating hippocampal FGFR1-5-HT1AR heterodimer formation via intestinal flora-short-chain fatty acids

    HUANG Yi-jia;XIE Yan-ling;MO Peng-ying;TAN Zhao-xin;WU Xue-mei;WANG Shu-ling;School of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine;Medical College, Shantou University;

    Based on the "gut-brain" axis, this study investigated the molecular mechanism of the antidepressant effect of Bupleuri Radix. The effect of Bupleuri Radix on human intestinal flora cultured in vitro was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Differential bacteria were identified by real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR). Short-chain fatty acid(SCFA) content was determined by the GC-FID method. A depression-like mouse model was established using the "triple-one" compound stress method. Mice were administered the aqueous extract of Bupleuri Radix by gavage, transplanted with Bacteroides acidifaciens or spore-forming bacteria, or gavaged with SCFAs. Behavioral changes were assessed. SCFA content in feces was measured by GC-FID. Hippocampal(fibroblast growth factor 21, FGF21) protein expression was detected by Western blot. The formation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A(FGFR1-5-HT_(1A)R) heterodimers was examined using the Duolink PLA method. The results showed that Bupleuri Radix significantly increased the abundance of the three spore-forming bacterial genera Ruminococcus, Dorea, and Blautia(P<0.05), as well as B. acidifaciens(P<0.001). Administration of Bupleuri Radix(P<0.001 or P<0.05) and transplantation of B. acidifaciens(P<0.01) both increased the levels of SCFAs such as acetic acid and butyric acid in bacterial metabolites. Treatment with Bupleuri Radix, transplantation of B. acidifaciens, or high doses of SCFAs significantly improved depression-like behaviors in mice, increased hippocampal FGF21 expression(P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001), and promoted FGFR1-5-HT_(1A)R heterodimer formation(P<0.05 or P<0.01), whereas transplantation of spore-forming bacteria showed no obvious antidepressant effect. In conclusion, the antidepressant effect of Bupleuri Radix is mediated by intestinal bacteria such as B. acidifaciens, which regulate the synthesis and metabolism of SCFAs, thereby modulating hippocampal FGF21 expression and activating FGFR1-5-HT_(1A)R heterodimers.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1597K]

  • Effects of Changpu Yujin Decoction on PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in tourette syndrome model rats

    HUANG Li-wei;HUANG Shuang;LI Meng-xue;SUN Ming-yang;SUN Ke-xin;WEI Xing;SHI Zheng-gang;SHANG Jing;HU Hui-ru;WANG Qian;School of Clinical Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine;

    This study investigated the potential mechanism of Changpu Yujin Decoction in the treatment of tourette syndrome(TS) based on the endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS) protein kinase R-like ER kinase(PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α(eIF2α)/activating transcription factor 4(ATF4) pathway. A TS model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 3,3′-iminodipropionitrile(IDPN, 300 mg·kg~(-1)) for 7 days. After successful modeling, the rats were randomly divided into a model group, a Tiapridal group, and a Changpu Yujin Decoction group, with 10 rats in each group. The Tiapridal group received Tiapridal(47.91 mg·kg~(-1)) by gavage. The Changpu Yujin Decoction group received Changpu Yujin Decoction(77.28 g·kg~(-1)) by gavage. The control and model groups received an equal volume of physiological saline by gavage once daily for 28 days. Stereotyped and locomotor behaviors were scored by behavioral observation. HE staining was used to observe histopathological changes in striatal tissue. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructure in striatal neurons. ELISA was used to detect the levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in striatal tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect PERK and eIF2α protein expression, and immunofluorescence was used to detect the co-expression of p-eIF2α and ATF4 proteins. RT-PCR and Western blot were employed to detect mRNA and protein expression of key factors in the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway in the striatum. The results showed that compared with the control group, the model group exhibited significantly increased stereotyped and locomotor behavior scores(P<0.05, P<0.01), aggravated pathological changes in striatal neurons and their endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial structures, elevated IL-1β and TNF-α levels, increased expression of PERK, eIF2α, ATF4, C/EBP-homologous protein(CHOP), and Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax) mRNA and proteins(P<0.05, P<0.01), and decreased expression of B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2) mRNA and protein(P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with the model group, both the Tiapridal group and the Changpu Yujin Decoction group showed significantly reduced stereotyped and locomotor behavior scores(P<0.05, P<0.01), alleviated pathological changes in striatal neurons and their endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial structures, decreased IL-1β and TNF-α levels, reduced expression of PERK, eIF2α, ATF4, CHOP, and Bax mRNA and proteins(P<0.05, P<0.01), and increased expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein(P<0.05, P<0.01). In conclusion, Changpu Yujin Decoction may exert anti-tic effects by inhibiting the ERS PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway, thereby improving striatal neuroinflammation and reducing neuronal apoptosis in TS model rats.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2592K]

  • Qiangji Decoction regulates AMPKα/Drp1/Nrf2 pathway to ameliorate neural damage induced by D-galactose by suppressing oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis

    LAI Bi-xuan;WU Dan;NIU Qi-xuan;LONG Qing-hua;HE Li-ling;Medical School, Hubei Minzu University;Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Rheumatic Diseases, Hubei Minzu University;

    This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which Qiangji Decoction(QJD) regulates the adenosine 5′-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase α(AMPKα)/dynamin-related protein 1(Drp1)/nuclear factor E2 related factor 2(Nrf2) pathway to ameliorate oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis induced by D-galactose. Seventy-two C57BL/6 mice were randomized into the control, model, low-dose Qiangji Decoction(L-QJD), medium-dose Qiangji Decoction(M-QJD), high-dose Qiangji Decoction(H-QJD), and metformin(Met) groups. The mouse model of Alzheimer's disease(AD) was established by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose(0.1 g·kg~(-1)) into the mouse neck for 8 consecutive weeks. The control and model groups received equal volumes of normal saline by gavage at a dose of 20 mL·kg~(-1), and the L-QJD, M-QJD, and H-QJD groups were treated with QJD extract at doses of 12.48, 24.96, and 49.92 g·kg~(-1), respectively. The Met group was administrated with metformin sustained-release tablets by gavage at a dose of 0.2 g·kg~(-1). After 4 weeks of treatment, the Morris water maze test was carried out to evaluate the learning and memory abilities of mice. The pathological changes of the hippocampus were observed via hematoxylin-eosin staining. Transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling staining was employed to detect apoptotic neurons in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence(IF) staining was employed to detect the expression levels of B cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2) and Bcl2-associated X protein(Bax) in the hippocampus. Biochemical assay kits were used to measure the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA), total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX), and catalase(CAT) in the hippocampal tissue. Western blot was used to determine the expression levels of AMPKα, phosphorylated AMPKα(p-AMPKα-Thr172), Drp1, phosphorylated Drp1(p-Drp1-Ser616), cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3(caspase-3), cleaved caspase-3, Nrf2, heme oxygenase 1(HO-1), and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) in the hippocampal tissue. The results showed that compared with the control group, the model group presented reduced learning and memory abilities, increased neurons with shrinkage or deep staining, increased apoptotic neurons(P<0.01), upregulated expression of Bax, MDA, p-Drp1-Ser616/Drp1, and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3(P<0.01), and downregulated expression of Bcl-2, T-SOD, GSH-PX, CAT, p-AMPKα-Thr172/AMPKα, Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1(P<0.01) in the hippocampus. Compared with the model group, the M-QJD, H-QJD, and Met groups showed improved learning and memory abilities, decreased neurons with shrinkage or deep staining and apoptotic neurons(P<0.05, P<0.01), downregulated expression of Bax, MDA, p-Drp1-Ser616/Drp1, and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 in the hippocampus(P<0.05, P<0.01), and upregulated expression of Bcl-2, T-SOD, GSH-PX, CAT, p-AMPKα-Thr172/AMPKα, Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in the hippocampus(P<0.05, P<0.01). QJD could alleviate D-galactose-induced cognitive impairment, neuronal apoptosis, and oxidative stress by regulating the AMPKα/Drp1/Nrf2 pathway.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 3324K]

  • Mechanism of modified Taohong Siwu Decoction-containing serum in improving Th17/Treg balance via regulation of estradiol secretion of ovarian granulosa cells

    YANG Peng-fei;LI Bing-nan;YAN Shu-yun;LI Yi-fei;DU Xue-yang;ZHOU Wen-li;JIN Cai-yun;NIU Fan-qi;TANG Liang;LI Xun-ji;WANG Si-nong;Gansu University of Chinese Medicine;Zhengzhou Health Vocational College;Jincheng People′s Hospital of Shanxi Province;Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;the Third People′s Hospital of Jiujiang City,Jiangxi Province;

    This study aimed to explore the mechanism by which modified Taohong Siwu Decoction-containing serum regulates estradiol(E_2) secretion in ovarian granulosa cells to improve Th17/Treg balance. Mice ovarian granulosa cells were treated with different concentrations of IL-17 solution and modified Taohong Siwu Decoction-containing serum. Optimal concentrations of IL-17 and medicated serum were selected for subsequent experiments. The cells were then divided into groups treated with blank/medicated serum, IL-17 + blank/medicated serum, and IL-17 + medicated serum + estrogen inhibitor. The culture media from each group were introduced to a Th17/Treg imbalance model culture medium. The viability of mice ovarian granulosa cells was detected by CCK-8 kit. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The levels of E_2, P450scc, 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD were detected by ELISA. The expression levels of P450scc, 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD mRNA were detected by RT-qPCR. The ratio of Th17/Treg cells in CD4~+ T cells was detected by flow cytometry. The levels of IL-17, IL-2 and IL-10 were detected by ELISA. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of RORγt and Foxp3. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of ERα and ERβ protein. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression level of ERα and ERβ mRNA. The results showed that IL-17 at 50 and 100 ng·mL~(-1) significantly decreased the E_2 concentrations in mice ovarian granulosa cells while increasing their apoptosis and inhibition rates(P<0.05). Modified Taohong Siwu Decoction-containing serum at 15% and 20% significantly increased the E_2 concentrations in granulosa cells while reducing the apoptosis and inhibition rates(P<0.05). The medicated serum significantly increased the concentrations of P450scc, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD, and gene expression levels in mice ovarian granulosa cells(P<0.05). Additionally, it significantly decreased the positive rates of IL-17A~+ and RORγt~+ cells, IL-17 concentration, RORγt fluorescence intensity, and the Th17/Treg ratio in CD4~+ T cells, while significantly enhancing the positive rates of Foxp3~+ cells, IL-2 and IL-10 concentrations, the fluorescence intensity of Foxp3, and the protein and gene expression levels of ERα and ERβ(P<0.05). In conclusion, modified Taohong Siwu Decoction-containing serum can improve ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis and increase cell viability and E_2 secretion, which leads to the suppression of factors that promote Th17 cell differentiation, while upregulating those that promote Treg cell differentiation, thereby improving the Th17/Treg balance.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2135K]

  • Investigation on anti-gastric cancer mechanism of combined prescription of modified Liangfu and Jianpi Yiqi based on zebrafish model and proteomics technology

    YUN Zhang-jun;SU Ze-qi;YANG Qian-ru;LIU Zhu;HAN Xin-pu;XUE Cheng-yuan;HOU Li;Hematology and Oncology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine;Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Beijing University of Chinese Medicine;

    This study aims to explore the anti-gastric cancer mechanism of combined prescription of modified Liangfu and Jianpi Yiqi(CPMLJY) using a zebrafish xenograft model with gastric cancer, ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC), and data-independent acquisition(DIA) proteomics. The active ingredients of CPMLJY were identified by UPLC. A zebrafish xenograft model was established by microinjecting human gastric cancer HGC-27 cells into the yolk sac of wild-type AB strain zebrafish. The maximum tolerated concentration(MTC) of CPMLJY was measured by a gradient dilution method. Zebrafish were randomly divided into normal control group, model control group, capecitabine group, and low-(1/4 MTC), medium-(1/2 MTC), and high-dose(MTC) groups of CPMLJY, with 30 zebrafish in each group. After 48 h at 35 ℃, the effect of CPMLJY on tumor proliferation and apoptosis was assessed via fluorescence labeling. Transgenic zebrafish(T-cell-red and vascular-green Fil-1 strains) were used for modelling to evaluate immune response and angiogenesis. DIA proteomics was used to reveal potential anti-gastric cancer mechanisms. The results showed that the main active ingredients of CPMLJY were flavonoids, steroidal saponins, and triterpenoid saponins. The medium-and high-dose of CPMLJY significantly inhibited tumor growth(P<0.05). High-dose of CPMLJY significantly increased the number of T cells, while medium-dose of CPMLJY significantly suppressed angiogenesis and induced apoptosis(P<0.05). Proteomics identified 143 upregulated and 233 downregulated proteins(P<0.05). CPMLJY exerted anti-tumor effects by modulating adipocyte lipolysis, forkhead box O(FoxO), wingless-related integration site(Wnt), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR) signaling pathways, and amino acid metabolism(P<0.05). These findings support further clinical translation of CPMLJY for gastric cancer therapy.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2008K]

  • Tissue distribution in rats of Yanlishuang Oral Dripping Pills based on GC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS

    CAO Ling;ZHU Chun-xian;YUAN Hong-fei;CHI Ming-yan;HUANG Yong;WANG Ai-min;ZHENG Lin;LI Hong-di;State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guizhou Medical University;School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University;Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University;Huangguoshu-lishuang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.;

    The content levels of borneol, borneol-2-O-glucuronide(B2G), menthol, menthol-1-O-glucuronide(M1G), camphor, and glycyrrhizic acid in various rat tissue were determined after administration of Yanlishuang Oral Dripping Pills, and their distribution characteristics in different tissue were investigated. Normal SD rats were given Yanlishuang Oral Dripping Pills by gavage. Plasma and nine types of tissue(heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, intestine, brain, stomach, and pharynx) were collected at different time points after administration. Quantitative analysis methods using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) were established to determine the content of the six components in plasma and tissue samples, and to compare the distribution differences among tissue. The results showed that all six prototype components and metabolites were absorbed into the blood and widely distributed in the body, reaching peak levels in plasma and tissue within 30 min and being gradually eliminated at 90 min. The prototype components borneol, menthol, and camphor were mainly distributed in the stomach and intestine; glycyrrhizic acid was mainly distributed in the stomach, intestine, and pharynx, with only small amounts in other tissue. The metabolites B2G and M1G were mainly distributed in the intestine, liver, and kidney. Among them, B2G and glycyrrhizic acid were more abundant in the pharynx. This study revealed the differences in tissue distribution of the prototype components and metabolites of Yanlishuang Oral Dripping Pills in vivo, providing theoretical reference for the study of its pharmacological effects and clinical application.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1745K]

  • Pharmacokinetics of three pairs isomers of Caraway in Beagle dogs based on UPLC-MS/MS

    LI Shu-ping;ATIKANMU Wahe-fu;RAHIMA Abdu-la;State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences;

    This study established a rapid, sensitive, and convenient ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of three pairs of isomers(psoralen and isopsoralen, bavachin and isobavachalcone, bavachromene and isobavachromene) in Beagle dog plasma after oral administration of Caraway extract, and investigated their pharmacokinetic characteristics using a non-compartmental analysis method. Separation was achieved on a Phenomenex ACE Excel 3 phenyl column(4.6 mm × 75 mm, 3 μm) with a mobile phase of 0.2% formic acid in methanol and 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution under gradient elution. The three pairs of isomers and internal standards were completely separated within 15 min, and detection was performed in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effects, and stability, meeting the requirements for quantitative analysis of biological samples. Results showed that, after a single oral dose of Caraway in Beagle dogs, the T_(max) of psoralen, isopsoralen, isobavachalcone, bavachromene, and isobavachromene was 0.50-2.00 h, with a T_(1/2) of 1.55-7.08 h. Isopsoralen and psoralen exhibited relatively higher exposure, with C_(max) of 370.65 and 144.25 ng·mL~(-1), and AUC_(0-∞) of 646.17 and 273.34 ng·h·mL~(-1), respectively. Isobavachalcone, isobavachromene, and bavachromene showed relatively lower exposure, with C_(max) of 8.31, 1.61, and 0.74 ng·mL~(-1), and AUC_(0-∞) of 38.34, 5.48, and 2.24 ng·h·mL~(-1), respectively. Bavachin exposure was the lowest, and its pharmacokinetic parameters could not be determined. This study provides a scientific basis for the clinical application and subsequent new drug research of Caraway.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1408K]

  • Efficacy and safety of Wenxin Granules in treating chronic pulmonary heart disease complicated by arrhythmia: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

    LAN Zhen-zhen;QIAN Ke;JIN Li-li;XU Qian-qian;JIANG Hui-ru;SHANG Hong-cai;Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine;Shaanxi Buchang Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.;Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Internal Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine;Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine;

    This study systematically evaluated the efficacy and safety of Wenxin Granules in treating chronic pulmonary heart disease complicated by arrhythmia, aiming to provide more reliable evidence-based support for clinical practice. Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) investigating Wenxin Granules for this indication were retrieved from CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMbase. According to pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, two researchers independently performed literature screening and data extraction. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed via the Cochrane risk of bias tool 2.0(RoB 2.0), and RevMan 5.4 was used for Meta-analysis. A total of 10 RCTs were finally included. Meta-analysis showed that compared with conventional treatment alone, Wenxin Granules combined with conventional treatment increased the clinical response rate(OR=4.82, 95%CI[3.19, 7.29], P<0.000 01) and the effective rate of electrocardiogram(ECG)(OR=4.34, 95%CI[2.69, 7.01], P<0.000 01). However, regarding the specific indicator of premature ventricular contractions, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups(SMD=1.24, 95%CI[-1.46, 3.94], P=0.37). Safety assessment indicated that the difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the combined therapy group and the conventional treatment group was not statistically significant(OR=2.17, 95%CI[0.76, 6.17], P=0.15). In conclusion, Wenxin Granules as a supplement to conventional treatment significantly increases the clinical response rate and effective rate of ECG in patients with chronic pulmonary heart disease complicated by arrhythmia, without significantly increasing the risk of adverse reactions. The findings of this study provide supportive evidence for the clinical application of Wenxin Granules for this indication.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1806K]

  • Overview of systematic reviews on efficacy and safety of puncture and bloodletting therapy for gout

    ZUO Jia-xin;SHI Lan-jun;ZHANG Ya-jing;TANG Jun;ZHOU Tian-tian;HU Jing;LIAO Xing;Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University/Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Center for Evidence-based Chinese Medicine;Basic Laboratory for Evidence-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences;Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital;

    This study aims to give an overview of systematic reviews on the efficacy and safety of puncture and bloodletting therapy for gout, so as to provide evidence-based evidence for the clinical decision-making application of this therapy. CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched by computer until December 1, 2024. After the two researchers screened the literature and extracted the data independently, the methodology quality and reporting quality of included systematic reviews were assessed via AMSTAR2 and version 2020 of PRISMA, and the evidence level of included systematic reviews was evaluated by GRADE. A total of nine systematic reviews were included, covering 70 non-repeated randomized controlled trials(RCTs), among which 22 were simple bloodletting therapy and 48 were combined bloodletting therapy. The patient conditions included all cases of gouty arthritis. The total number of patients included was 3 937, with 2 007 in the intervention group and 1 930 in the control group. In terms of efficacy, all the included systematic reviews indicated that bloodletting therapy could effectively treat gout, and it was also effective in reducing blood uric acid levels and relieving pain. Five systematic reviews concluded that both simple bloodletting therapy and combined bloodletting therapy had good efficacy. Two reviews indicated that fire needle therapy had good efficacy. One review indicated that needle knife therapy had good efficacy, and one review indicated that only combined bloodletting therapy had good efficacy. In terms of safety, eight systematic reviews showed that bloodletting therapy was relatively safe. The AMSTAR2 evaluation results showed that only five items were complete reports. Two items were severely lacking, and five key items had different deficiencies. The proportion of PRISMA items with a reporting completeness of more than 50% is 59.25%. The PRISMA scores of each systematic review ranged from 12.5 to 20.5. The GRADE evaluation results showed that the overall evidence quality was low, and the evidence quality of 45 outcome indicators was of low to very low quality. The corrected covered area(CCA) was 11.43%, indicating that the RCT studies included in the systematic reviews might have a high degree of overlap. Therefore, the puncture and bloodletting therapy for gout has certain therapeutic effects and is relatively safe. However, there are some problems in the systematic review, such as the lack of detailed reporting of the process, conflicts of interest, and publication bias. In the future, when making systematic reviews, it is necessary to focus on the registration of the plan and make the process of evidence-based evidence production transparent. It is recommended to further refer to tools such as PRISMA, AMSTAR2, and GRADE to improve the quality of evidence-based evidence, so as to provide more reliable evidence-based evidence for future clinical decision-making.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2092K]

  • Traditional Chinese medicine understanding and treatment strategies for diuretic resistance

    HOU Jing-le;WANG Peng-qian;XIONG Xing-jiang;Guang′anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences;Fangshan District First Hospital,Beijing;Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences;State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs;

    Diuretic resistance(DR) is more common in patients with heart failure(especially acute decompensated heart failure), renal dysfunction, and cardiorenal syndrome. DR can accelerate the damage to heart and kidney organ functions, prolong hospitalization time, increase mortality rate, and bring a heavy burden to public health. It has become a major global public health problem. Although there are currently many treatment methods for DR, the complex pathophysiological mechanisms and limited clinical efficacy have led to unsatisfactory relief of heart failure and renal failure. Moreover, some DR patients are prone to adverse reactions such as electrolyte imbalance, hypotension, and worsening infection during the treatment process. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) treatment has the characteristics of reducing diuretic resistance while exerting fewer side effects, so some patients have started seeking help from TCM. In TCM, DR falls under the categories of "heart-water disease" and "edema". In terms of etiology, it is mainly associated with aging and chronic illness, innate deficiency, invasion of external pathogens, dietary irregularities, emotional imbalances, and improper work-rest balance. In terms of pathogenesis, it includes water overflow due to Yang deficiency, fluid retention turning into heat, and kidney Yang deficiency. In TCM treatment strategies, for water overflow due to Yang deficiency syndrome, Zhenwu Decoction is recommended; for fluid retention turning into heat syndrome, Mufangji Decoction is recommended; and for kidney Yang deficiency syndrome, Shenqi Pill is recommended. In clinical treatment, based on the principles of "formula-syndrome correspondence" and "integrating disease mechanisms with pathology, and herbal properties with pharmacology", the combined use of TCM and western medicine can help alleviate DR, increase urine output, and improve the quality of life for patients with DR.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1053K]

  • TCM regulatory science: concepts, features, and scope

    QU Li-ping;TANG Jian-yuan;ZHAO Jun-ning;School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Sichuan Center for Regulatory Sciences in Traditional Chinese Medicine;Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences,National Center for Nanoscience and Technology;

    TCM regulatory science is an important pillar for the modernization of TCM regulation. Scientifically defining its concept, clarifying its key characteristics, and delineating its research scope constitute the foundation for advancing the construction of the TCM regulatory science system. Based on reviewing the developmental trajectory of pharmaceutical regulatory science and clarifying its connections and distinctions with TCM regulatory science, this study proposes that TCM regulatory science is a discipline guided by TCM theory, integrating theories, methods, and technologies from multiple disciplines to systematically study the tools, standards, methods, and policy-support systems applicable to the development and life-cycle regulation of TCM, thereby providing scientific evidence for regulatory decision-making and institutional optimization. It has five core features, including interdisciplinary integration led by TCM theory; tool innovation and data-driven approaches; problem orientation and translational application; dynamic evolution and forward-looking guidance; and public health orientation with risk balancing. Its research scope mainly includes three aspects including tools, standards, and methodologies for TCM research and regulation; data science and analytical technologies; and translation and system optimization of TCM regulatory science. The results can provide theoretical support for building a regulatory system in line with TCM characteristics and for formulating relevant policies, thereby contributing to the modernization of TCM regulation.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1052K]

  • Development status and issues of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions

    LIU Yan;ZHANG Jun;LI Si-yuan;LU Yang;DONG Zheng-qi;LI Geng;TIAN Ji-xiang;HAN Ling;YAN Zhi-fan;SHEN Nuo;LIU An;State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs;School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine;Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences;China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.;China Resources Sanjiu Modern Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.;China Association of Tradition

    Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) preparations in medical institutions(hereinafter referred to as "hospital TCM preparations") are fixed-formula preparations developed by TCM medical institutions based on clinical needs. Hospital TCM preparations play a significant role in meeting special medication demands, inheriting TCM experience, and promoting new medicine development. With policy support, the development of hospital TCM preparations has surged in recent years, but there are issues such as product homogeneity, insufficient clinical evidence, low conversion rates, and unlabeled uses. This paper systematically analyzed the current development status and existing problems of hospital TCM preparations, combining policy background and practical cases. Then, recommendations were proposed, including refocusing on clinical needs, optimizing dispensing policies, improving conversion mechanisms, and establishing a dynamic exit mechanism, aiming to provide references for the healthy development of hospital TCM preparations.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1152K]

  • Pathogenesis of "inflammation-cancer transformation" in chronic pancreatitis and three-stage entropy reduction for prevention and treatment based on entropy disease theory

    XIE Jia-kang;GONG Xuan;XU Xiao-ning;AI Feng-ting;AN Yun;CAO Yong;School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University;Zhanjiang Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine;the Third People′s Hospital of Foshan;Panyu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou;

    Pancreatic cancer(PC) is a highly malignant tumor of digestive system, and it is called "the king of cancer". Chronic pancreatitis(CP) is a high-risk factor for PC. The mechanism of "inflammation-cancer transformation" of CP and its prevention and treatment strategies are the focus of current research. Based on the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy disease theory reveals that the essence of disease is the disorder caused by the increase of entropy. The theoretical connotation of entropy disease is consistent with the pathogenesis of "inflammation-cancer transformation" in CP. The entropy disease theory clarifies that the "inflammation-cancer transformation" of CP is essentially an entropy-increasing process from a relatively orderly pathological state to a highly disordered cancerous state. In the initial stage, the spleen is weak with endogenous dampness accumulation, forming damp heat. This causes the disorder of energy metabolism and leads to the gradual increase of entropy value in the body. At the critical stage, phlegm and blood stasis stagnate each other, resulting in the microenvironment homeostasis imbalance of pancreatic tissue, which leads to the acceleration of the increase of entropy. In the qualitative change stage, the Qi in the body is blocked, and the cancer toxin is generated and accumulated, which leads to the collapse of the body′s regulatory mechanism and the rise of entropy in the body until it breaks through the critical threshold. This eventually causes the formation of pancreatic cancer. In terms of treatment, this paper put forward a three-stage entropy reduction strategy for prevention and treatment, which involves clearing away dampness and heat, invigorating the spleen and regulating the stomach, resolving phlegm and eliminating stagnation, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, and regulating the smooth operation of Qi and clearing away cancer toxin. These treatments can effectively block the occurrence of PC by correcting the disorder of energy metabolism, improving the imbalance of pancreatic microenvironment, and restoring the regulatory function of the body. Therefore, from the perspective of integrated traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, this paper analyzed the internal relationship between entropy disease theory and "inflammation-cancer transformation" of CP, providing innovative ideas and a theoretical basis for early intervention and prevention of "inflammation-cancer transformation" of CP and holding important clinical application value and research significance.

    2025 24 v.50 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1107K]
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